Critical Analysis of Thomas Hardy’s Novel Tess of the D’urbervilles Essay

Thomas Hardy is on of the brightest representatives of incline world at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century. At that time, a new stage in the development of the English literature began, characterized with the infringe betwixt the supporters of realism and the new modernist artificeric directions. He learned from his predecessors to acclivity important and interesting problems, to tell interesting stories , to portray interesting characters and to discern the environment. Hardy is dressd as classic of English literature as well as regional smartist, master of personalities and circumstances, the first real artist of Nature and human nature. The general features of his impertinents are pessimism, tragedy and fatalism . These characteristics to a fault define Hardy as the first creator of tragic wises in the English literature . The roots of this worldview go back in to his situationland large with re of imports of ancient times and also in his inability to realise the social changes occurring in England. The disappointment of the village atheist from the big urban center, regarded by him as the source and symbol of evil, disintegration of the patriarchal peasant family, which he idealizes as a symbol of intemperate morality and real moral virtues becomes central theme in his novels .That is fully represented in Tess of the dUbervilles. The novel belongs to the group of novels called for character and circumstances. It earth-closet be defined as social, because it is placed in a item social context, that it can also be defined as moral and psychological. It is like a monograph of a personality plainly it is also a monograph of a plosive speech sound as well. A tragic story stands in the center of the novel and that is the story of the main female character Tess Durbeyfield and her flavour filled with stack of unusual and exciting meetings, adventures and misadventures. The novel is divided in several move , called phases . T hey are named The Maiden , Maiden No More , The Rally , The proceeds , The woman pays , The convert , The Fulfilment . With the titles of all(prenominal) phase the author directs to the main plot points and sets basic suggestions ab protrude what is happening. The novel covers four years of the heart of Tess. Several images are shown- the homeland of Tess, her house, the farms, the church and the opposition village-city. It is no alignment that Hardy is called master of personalities and circumstances.In the novel he uses a salient form , which means disclosure of the relationship between group of characters (Alec, Tess, Angel) and heroic poem form story disclosure of a person (Tess). This is dictated by his desire to better express the problem of human destiny and also to express his strongest side the ability to trace the familiar connection between human and the surrounding environment. Hardy introduces unknown and ordinary people out of touch with the turbulent stage o f life in the big city and he endows them with strong passion and spiritual nobility. They face the perpetual problems of life and conclusion , the power of human passions and the human happiness. With the transform of the limited eclogue scene and its small people into a great drama with universal significance his artistic power is really shown. The story develops in a dramatic order- the events follow each other in a specific rhythm which leads to the denouement.The stories are told in a simple and clear port because the characters involved are fully developed . Tomas Hardy succeeds to present his characters in a comprehensive manner and he achieves that with the ability to observe each gesture and with sensitivity to all that is unique to an individual. The main character of the novel is Tess Durbeyfield. She is a beautiful, fine and kind , very attached to her family, responsible and hardworking. good from the beginning Hardy specifies the type of the character and implies that there is something different some her and her fate is predetermined. With that the character becomes predictable in a sense for the ref and it is expected that she will succumb to sin. One of the events in the first part- the death of the horse which Tess feels guilty about becomes a catalyst for the change in her life. Under the influence of her parents and sense of responsibility, she agrees to leave her home and accept the challenges and responsibilities of the self-governing life in the estate of Alec dUrberville. This moment in the novel acts as a inception of the action because it puts an imprint on the come on life of the heroine.Placed in an unequal and humiliating relationship worker-master, she is assaulted by Alec who not only violates her honour but also her feelings. Tess tries to be strong , returns to home and gives birth to the illegally born child and reconciles with the reprehensible stead of the community. But after the child dies she makes a choice and tries to seek her happiness. On the new working place the fate turns her good side towards the young lady and Tess meets her first and big love- Angel Clare. This love restores the true nature of Tess. She becomes more(prenominal) sensitive and gives away warmth and kindness to everyone around her. The two lovers surrender a chance to restore their honour, dignity and the joy of life but it is radically conflicting with the requirements of the age, full with prejudice. For Angel and his mother, Tess is not pure and virtuous. given and rejected by her loved one, Tess again seeks salvation in her home and family to be rejected again. The disappointment of Angel , the loneliness and misery makes her go to the first man in her life- Alec. Tess does not fit entirely in the image of a victim because she makes her choice alone this time but on the other hand she is a victim because she is pressed by the circumstances.Her decisions are accompanied with doubts and concerns. Her clash wit h different manifestations of love and different intellectual of moral values and dignity cause deep and painful self-analysis. The discernment of her own life is ruthless and she does not find mercy for herself. For Tess is full knowing that she is going to die loved by Angel and pull her retribution to Alec by killing him. The death of Tess is required by the writing style and it is not unexpected. With the blessing of the marriage of her sister with Angel, the young woman rises in a higher place the prejudices of the society.Do you accept the heroines qualification as a pure woman? Why (not)?In the first and the second part of the novel the answer is yes because the ruin of Tess happens by force and due to her innocence and confidence rather than depravity. But on the second encounter with Alec, Tess makes an unforgivable compromise which defiles her purity. If there is something pure in Tess that is her love and soul.

Olympics Racism

A Greek triple-jumper and a Swiss soccer player were both banned for separate offensive comments, and a Lithuanian fan was arrested because of his aggravated behavior during a basketb exclusively game. burdenide the London Olympics is not immune to racism. Whenever nations all over the world compete, racial discrimination rears its nauseous head. For some reason, when it is displayed in the context of sports, it is seen as more(prenominal) acceptable. Switzerlands Michel Morganella, who was sore about losing to South Korean soccer aggroup was expelled from the games for calling them a bunch of mongoloids that can go burn. It was under the ground of the International Olympic Committees code of conduct that athletes must show rough-cut respect, and tweeting those insensitive words clearly showed disrespect for the basic Olympian value.another(prenominal) was Greeces Voula Papachristou who never even made it to the games because of her twitter post that read, So many Africans in Greece at least West Nile mosquitoes will feast homemade food. She apologized for the unfortunate and tasteless joke. Her coach George Pomaski complained that the punishment had been too harsh, except the triple jumpers tweet was indeed more spotty than the penalty itself. The last one was the arrest of a man who was do Nazi gestures and monkey chants during the game between Lithuania and Nigeria at the basketball atomic number 18na. His attorney said on a trial that he believed his gestures and behaviors were acceptable at sports matches, and later on was fined ?2,500 for the incident. Sports, when mixed with the hyper-passionate supports of peoples favorite teams or national squads, turns into a volatile mix of ugliness.The unsportsmanlike conduct and ugly behavior by some players and fans have overshadowed the positive nature of the games. Sports are the greatest equalizer in this world. It is where the color of our skin, culture, and beliefs does not matter, and all that counts is the index and the color of jersey. Racism is still an issue even in the grandest event in the world. Discriminatory acts should be strongly and rapidly condemned in all domains, especially in sports.

Introduction To Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited Essay

HistoryFounded in 1897, Unilever has provided master copy products for millions of bulk through come out the world. Genearned run avera submition subsequently generation of satisfied customers sire continued to go along Unilevers reputation as an innovative manufacturer and securities industryer of family and wellness cargon products. To twenty-four hour period it is a multi cardinal-dollar union whose products be distri aloneed in cxl countries worldwide.VisionUnilevers vision is to m separate its products avail adequate to(p) within an girds impart of distributively individuals desire.Mission tiltOur solve in Unilevers is to meet the everyday inevitably of people wholly over to anticipate the aspirations of our consumers and customers to respond creatively and competitively with mark products and run which give the axe the eccentric of animation. commercializeing ObjectiveUnilevers aims to interact directly with its consumers. Its goals atomic add up 18 co nsumer mirth and making its consumers feel that the money spent is worth the product. In comparison, it distinguishes its gross gross revenue objective as achieving not bad(p)er penetration in terms of gross revenue volume and foodstuff constituent.Unilevers excellence in choice, fancy and distri neverthe slightion, the found stones of any consumer untroubleds company, is the here and nowant reason behind its thundering success and lead in the securities industry. The company has a clear emphasis on quality and wants to provide the best possible products of the highest quality to its customers. It wants to grow continuously and non stay s stigmatizenant. prize Br some others Pakistan Limited open up Brothers is the largest consumer products company in Pakistan it belongs to Unilever stem of companies, which makes up one of the largest trans subject ara in the world. Lever Brothers Pakistan Ltd. was incorpo telld in Pakistan in 1948. The company securities industryp laces al around 50 well know folk blurs, analogous Lipton, channel-surf, Vim, Supreme, LifeBuoy, Lux etc. Which record approximately Rs. 20 billion in gross gross sales.Mission Statement of Lever Brothers Pakistan LimitedWe ar a leading Consumer Product Company in Pakistan, a multi national with stocky roots in the farming.We attract and develop highly talented people who ar excited, empowered and committed to deliver double-digit harvest-feast.We serve the everyday needs of completely consumers everywhere for foods, hygiene and beauty through give awaymark products and services that deliver the best quality and value.We strive to re chief(prenominal)(prenominal) an ever undecomposable and enterprising backup.We use our superior consumer understanding to produce breakthrough pattern in brands and channels.Our brands capture hearts of consumers through outstanding communication. Through managing a antiphonary supply chain, we maximize value from suppliers to cu stomers.We argon exemplary in our commitment to Business ethics, safety, health, environment and involvement in the community.The mission thusly translates into attaining a leading position in Pakistani marketplace, by manufacturing and merc handising high quality consumer products that benefit the customers. The aim is to be a lean, responsive and flexible organization, operating(a) within a socialization of innovation and enterprise. In addition, the primacy of the customer is a central value of the company.The marketing objective is to increment profitability by increasing sales. By maintaining quality of products, the sales be improving and consumer demand of Levers products is increasing. Thus, profits and sales are increasing every year. In this way, the companys see to it is not yet maintained, but also improved very self-makely over cartridge holder.Overview of the Beverage marketplaceThe tr contain in the sop up market of Pakistan of market value distribute/gro wth is depicted in the table given below Pak. Rs. MnAs can be seen by the table given above afternoon afternoon teatime leaf leaf leaf duration condemnation cartridge clip is the market attraction in the beverage market and is anticipate to retain its current position in the near afterlife. However, the growth rate of the CSDs is more(prenominal) faster than tea whose expected growth rate has change by reversal stagnant.An interesting point to note here is that LBPLs share of the tea market is expected to grow steadily in the near future despite the fact that the growth rate of the overall tea market is expected to decrease.The pie chart below shows the current cardinal hundred0 value shares of the Pakistani beverage market.Total measure out Rs. 47,950 billion or 548 billion Pound Sterling. Does not accommodate one step preparation drinks (i.e. Energile, Squashes etc.), milkand non-commercial water.Total Value Rs. 54,475 million or 615 million Pound Sterling Doe s not include one step perpetration drinks.Overview of tea IndustryTea is considered to be an essential economic manipulation item in many countries of the world, including Pakistan. The history of tea drinking in the subcontinent can be traced far back. It is said, that tea was introduced with the comer of the British in the Subcontinent and became popular in the region during the British rule. The British people were clever enough to use a powerful slogan, which remained in the minds of the people. They said, In winters it provides warmth and in summers, it gives freshness.Over a period of time, the quality and taste of tea was improved by the colonials. Mr. Thomas Lipton was the key somebody who introduced the aromatic soothing leaves, at footings affordable for the common man. This is one of the main reasons wherefore Lipton even now occupies the place of the most well known brand of tea in this social occasion of the world.At present on that point are two kinds of tea av ailable in the market mark and un mark ( unstrain) tea. at that placefore, the importers are also of two types, though twain import tea from the same countries. Bulk importers distribute tea to retailers in faintn up form, small-arm the second category of bulk importers sell massaged tea under brand names.All tea in Pakistan is imported. Therefore, tea, a traditionalistic hospitality item in Pakistan, consumes a large amount of contradictory exchange. Tea imports through legal route account for about 200 million US dollars per year and is growing. Another 60 million kilograms of tea or nearly half as much of total using up of tea is contraband, that is imported illegally.1 accord to official sources, Pakistan consumed 148 million kg in 1996, 60% of which reached the consumer as branded products.Annual black tea consumption in Pakistan is 0.9 kilogram per head slightly less than British consumption is 1.25 kilogram per soulfulness.2 Pakistan is the worlds second largest importer, after Great Britain, and may end upure the largest importer receivable the profit in population and unabated increase in tea consumption. Tea drinking, over time, has doubled mainly because other drinks, especially fresh milk, scram virtually disappeared as dairy performance was neglected. Another reason is high population growth a year. just about 50% of tea imports is consumed in Punjab, 30% in the NWFP, 16% in Sindh and 4% in Baluchistan.3Pakistan mainly imports tea from Kenya and other African countries like Uganda, Burundi and Tanzania, date multinational companies in Pakistan also import tea from Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Bangladesh.There are un bound quantities of smuggled tea flooding the market. The main problem at present is that smuggled tea has now interpreted over the market, simply because of the high duty and taxes levied by the administration on branded tea. Smuggled tea escapes all duties and levies, and thereof can be sold cheaply, as loose t ea.The cumulative import duty on tea in 1991 was 60%, 66% in 1992, 76% in 1993, 88% in 1993, 102% in 1995 and rose to 107% in 1996. Sources in the market indicate that the smuggled tea is universeness sold about 30% cheaper than the legally imported variety and, therefore, holds a great lure for the wholesalers.4According to one estimate, some 60 million kg of tea, representing nearly 50% of the total consumption, came into the market illegally in 1997.5 The quality of some of the tea flooding the market is admittedly high. still given that it is sold loose, there is absolutely no guarantee that adulteration is not rife in this unorganized sector. The branded tea industry has now successfully lobbied the government for duty reductions (78% cumulative duties on tea) to make smuggling unattractive.The above pie chart depicts the tea market according to pack forms.Assessment of Industry attractionThreat of new entrantsMajor players enjoy significant economies of scale and shake up strong brand identity. Large capital requirements required for trimting up distribution channels and heavy ad for new entrants, to compete against major(ip) well established brands.Rivalry Among Existing CompetitorsDevaluation and import duties make domestically produced consumer heavys, including tea, much than expensive than smuggled products. Smuggling of tea has hampered development and growth in the local tea industry. There is an oligopoly as there are further a handful of local antagonists in the tea industry. talk terms Power of CustomersGenerally, retailers in Pakistan are not large volume buyers therefore they are not able to bargain for proper discounts. Upper descriptor consumers hold up strong brand truth, while low-middle ramify has become more and more price conscious and are therefore, not very brand loyal. Retailers are likely to stock smuggled tea collectible to higher perimeter on it, and for the same reason, consumers are inc extractiond to buy i t, as it is cheaper for them. negociate Source Of SuppliersHigh antitheticiation of input for the tea industry, due to consumer gustation for East African tea. Pakistan is one of the largest consumers of tea and a major market for Kenyan tea exporters.Threat of SubstitutesCoffee is a substitute for tea, but consumer propensity for it is low. Smuggling of tea products into Pakistan continues to depress Levers sales and profitability.Organizational chartBrief History of Lipton1948- Lipton launched in Pakistan in tin pack1949- Lipton give up1955- Lipton reintroduced in Pakistan1974- Lipton was discontinued due to the government price embargoes 1984- Lipton re-launched in Pakistan with a big bang1987-Tea bags were added to the Lipton portfolio1989- Lipton merged with Lever Brothers1995- Lipton introduces Danedar1998- Lipton re-launched1999- Lipton re-launched with improved blend in small pack sizes 2000- Re-launch scheduled of Leafier BlendLipton was initial introduced in Pakistan in 1948. Tea was sold in tin packs at the time. The year 1989 was a major milestone in Levers history. The tea demon Lipton was merged with Lever Brothers that year in Pakistan, five years after the internationalist takeover of the Lipton company by Unilever. The most glorious era in LYLs life was 1984-1992 with a record growth of 70% in 1989 and the highest ever brand volume achieved in 1992. This was due to an efficient publicizing campaign (Nazia/Zoheb), consistent with superb quality tea, lower taxes and limited smuggling.The table below shows the volume of sales of LYL in Pakistan over the years. categoryIn 1997, Brook Bond, another leading player in the tea business in Pakistan, was merged with Levers, so that Lipton and Brooke Bond, erstwhile fierce competitors in the local market now belonged to the same company.Brooke Bond had long been part of Unilever globally but in Pakistan it remained a separate entity until 1997. Lever came to view that it did not make sense to have two Unilever companies competing with one another. A lot of synergies would be created if the two companies were merged, in the words of the former MD of Brooke Bond. The solution to any potential cannibalizing was to position the two brands contrastingly. This effort was successful and Supreme, with its distinctive red packaging, came to firmlyrepresent the aspirations of the people of Pakistan. Supreme cuts crosswise class, region and gender divide. Its success is also due to the brands catering to Pakistani tastes.Lever, now owns three tea factories of which two are situated in Karachi one in SITE and the other in West Wharf area. The third grind is in Khanewal, Punjab. The SITE and Khanewal factories once belonged to Brook Bond, while the West Wharf tea factory was transmitted from Lipton when it was merged with Levers.Efforts had been made to grow tea in Pakistan since 1950s, but the first major step was taken in 1982 by the government. The Pakistan Agricultural re search Center was set up near Manshera. In 1989, Levers also stepped in and a Tea research Station was set up in Shinkiari, near Manshera. With Unilever providing the expertise, the Center aims to determine whether tea can be freehanded in the area. Lever also seeks to establish efficacious plant culture technology to help the government in its tea growing efforts. The company also intends to build a small black tea manufacturing factory near the site and testament buy the harvested tea from the farmers. In June 1998, Lever signed an agreement with those farmers interested in growing tea. tog up abstract of LiptonStrengthsLever Brothers is a multinational companyPowerful heritage of Lipton as presence in the Pakistani market since 1948 Familiar with psychographics and demographics of the local consumers untouchable brand image and brand awareness in PakistanMarket leader as it has a 70% market share in branded tea. Larger sales forceStrong and long-term relationship with distr ibutors, wholesalers and retailers. conk out and experienced management.Excellent marketing department assisted by a highly regarded marketing research unit. R&D and financial stick out from parent Unilevers.The Lever-Brooke Bond merger made it possible to compete more effectively with loose tea.WeaknessesLoss of market share to Tapal in Karachi and Multan piteous market share in N.W.F.P.Positioning of Lipton color recording label as a premium product to which consumers have weak emotional affixationOpportunitiesHigh rate of population growthRising literacyTea was added to the smuggled goods list in March 1998 and import duty was reduced from 45 to 25 percent. This has collectively placed the entire organized tea business in a more favorable position. Market opportunity of Lipton chicken chase after in country areasThreatsThreat from cheaper tea smuggled into the country via border areas of NWFP and Baluchistan, seriously affecting Levers sales and earnings. Possible increase of Tapal and loose tea market sharesRising inflation, which reduces disposable income of consumers. Increasing import duties since a lot of raw genuines are imported would raise the price of its end products. Liptons profit margin is exposed to rupee devaluation.Current Market SituationTea consumption remains unaffected by macro-environmental factors, as tea has inelastic demand. For example, the consumption of tea has not increased due to the ban on meals served at weddings. However, it must be noted that tea consumption falls in Ramadan.The range of various tea brands in the market varies due to quality and taste. Both taste and marketing go together in determining the consumer choice. Once a buyer likes a particular taste, he becomes brand loyal to it,no matter how expensive or cheap the brand is. Advertisements do influence consumers a great deal, when it comes to inducing trial of branded tea, or switching to another brand. The largest segments of consumers in the tea market are those who are elusioning from un-branded to branded tea.Tea is no longer a luxury in this country it has become part of our meals. Although Pakistan still imports a large amount of tea from abroad, tea still remains the cheapest form of beverage in the country.Competition in the tea industry is getting cutthroat. Loose tea, which is unbranded tea, has almost 40% of the total tea market in Pakistan. Lipton discolor articulate is the market leader in branded tea on pan Pakistan basis.Levers have embarked upon aggressive plans to regain the volumes and margins of the tea business. The main brands, Lipton yellowish denounce (in hermetically sealed cartons) and Supreme were re-launched and to regain there lost market share together with improved margins.Lipton white-livered cross outs main competitor in branded tea is Tapal Daanedar, while in unbranded tea, loose tea provides disceptation. Tapal Daanedar is a very strong competitor because of several factors, The SWOT analysi s is as follows SWOT Analysis of Tapal DanedarStrengthsPositive Consumer perception reward of being Danedar, (perception of being economical and easy to sieve) Strong brand loyaltyFrequent trade offersDedicated sales forceQuick rake and removal of damaged goods.WeaknessesUnattractive packaging (only soft packs)Availability (only urban) engine room (no international guidance)Negligible R&DThreatsEmergence of other Danedar bell ringers relentless competition from LBPL BrandsOpportunitiesRural Market penetrationCapitalize on brands entry in leaf segmentRegional exchangesThe sales of Lipton yellowed adjudicate are monitored region wise. The table below shows the sixer regions and the sales in percentages of LIPTON YELLOW LABEL and its main competitor Tapal. The total sales of Rs. 8,750 million have been divided for LIPTON YELLOW LABEL into regions with the following percentages. And we have also given Tapal Daanedars sales break-up.Seasonal SalesLipton yellowness guess basically has two seasons, which is the summer and winter. The seasonal sales of both Lipton yellowed note and Tapal are the same. 55% of the annual sales are derived in the winters, which is the peak season and 45% of the sales are derived in the summers. Where as sales of LIPTON YELLOW LABEL in Karachi remain more or less the same.BrandAccording to the Brand Manager, Lipton sensationalistic estimates consumers have various attributes, among which are discerning, fun loving, outgoing, elegant, and have good taste.The master brand vision key has eight distinct portions, these are 1. Competitive EnvironmentIncludes other hot drinks, soft drinks and branded water.2. come inYoung minded outward looking people. Focus on enlisting those leaving home or entering the work force for the world-class time. 3. InsightPeople want the image and excitement of the soft drink world in drinks that are good for them 4. Benefits.Enjoying LYL together makes you feel great, renewing mind and body 5. Value s and PersonalityThe brand is bright, vital, sociable, contemporary and cosmopolitan. 6. Reasons to believeThe bright Lipton world, the revitalizing taste and that Lipton delivers the best natural goodness of tea. 7. antitheticaliatorThe excitement of soft drinks and the natural goodness of tea. 8. EssenceLipton People get more out of life.ConsumptionPer capita consumption in Pakistan is 0.9 kg per person per annum. This translates into daily consumption of 2-4 cups per day. Per capita consumption of tea is highest in Karachi, followed by NWFP, although uncomplete Lipton nor Tapal are strong in NWFP, as loose tea has captured 90% of the market. However, Punjab is the most profitable province on the basis of total tea consumption and it is highest in Lahore because of its population size. In other nations the per capita consumption is 2 kg.SegmentationThere are two clear segments of consumers in the market, branded tea consumers and un-branded tea consumers. In Sind, most of the cities consume branded tea, while in the rural areas both branded and unbranded are every bit popular. In Punjab, the city dwellers as well as majority of rural areas is absolutely brand loyal while unbranded tea is only popular among the teashops and hotels. In NWFP and Balochistan, 90% of the population still prefer the unbranded form as it gives them the chance of seeing and smelling what they buy forwards paying for it. In addition, the mindset is such that now no other tea brand can compete because consumers are strongly brand loyal.Liptons consumers can be segmented on the basis of income strata. The income strata use by Levers have been developed by Levers own Marketing Research Department.A class consists of consumers who have disposable monthly incomes of Rs. 12,000. B class consists of consumers who have disposable monthly incomes between Rs. 8,000 and Rs. 12,000. C class consists of consumers who have disposable monthly incomes between Rs. 6,500 and Rs. 8,000. Marketing MixProductLipton yellowness Label is a fast moving consumer product that caters to the A 1, A 2, B and C socio-economic classes.The tea industry of Pakistan is in the Maturity symbolize of the product life cycle, but Lipton icteric Label is in the offset stage, as it still has market potential in Pakistan.Lipton chickenhearted Labels main feature is that it is tea of the finest blend available. The benefits offered by Lipton colour Label to its consumers are good quality and good taste since it is an international brand. Brand image of Lipton is of a Discerning, Cosmopolitan, Elegant and Friendly person and this image is portrayed in all the advertising.Shelf LifeTea usually loses colors and fragrance over time. Lipton lily-livered Label has a expression shelf life of one year and the shelf off-take is one week. eminence ExtensionsLipton color Label is available in the following line extensions Lipton discolour Label, Finest Blend TeaLipton discolour Label, Danedar teaL ipton yellow Label, tea bagsThey are available in the following sizes and pricesAll these brands cater to consumers of different income levels. Lipton discolor Label is targeted towards A, B and C income groups.Re-launch of Lipton chicken LabelDuring the recent re-launch of Lipton chicken Labels several elements of the product were improved upon and a change in the image of the brand from a premium one to subsistence one, was brought about. The blend of the tea was made more superior. The sizes of the packets have also been reduced.PriceSince Lipton yellow Label has evermore emphasized being an international product, of the highest quality, Lipton yellowed Label is marketed as a premium or top of the line product. A premium of 2-5% is supercharged on every pack.The closest competitor of Lipton Yellow Label, which is Tapal Daanedar , has a price of Rs.49 for its 200 gms pack, whereas a 200 gms pack of Lipton Yellow Label is priced at Rs.50. Similarly, in all other sizes, Lipton Yellow Label has maintained almost identical price premiums compared to Tapal.Lipton Yellow Label is facing a problem, in that the consumers generally perceive that the prices of Lipton Yellow Label products are very high, since it is a premium product, as compared to other competing products. Therefore, they feel Lipton Yellow Label is out of their reach. However, Lipton Yellow Label has a price premium of 4-5%, which translates into not more than Rs.1 per packet in absolute terms. Lipton Yellow Label, in spite of being a premium product has a competitive price, which is not being realized by the consumers.PlacementPlacement is one area where Lipton Yellow Label outperforms all its competitors in tea industry, because of its association with Levers, which is the biggest FMCG Company operating in Pakistan. Lipton Yellow Label has a wide distribution internet consisting of more than 600 distributors catering to just about 140,000 outlets across the country.There are 140,000 outlet s in Pakistan, which include superstores, department stores, general stores, medical stores, paan walas, grocery stores, merchants, etc. mart stores and merchants together provide 80% volume of Levers tea sales. Lipton has more than 600 distributors for tea. There are corporate distributors exclusively for Lipton and similarly exclusive Brooke Bond distributors.Distributors are offered a margin of nearly 4-5% and retailers are offered a margin of around 10-12%. The distributor and retailer margins vary from one product size to another. But retailers get a margin of 25% on smuggled tea, which is brought in through the Afghan transit trade. Hence, retailers naturally prefer to stock and sell smuggled tea.Promotion MixLipton Yellow Label is using Asian Advertising agency currently, due to international alignment of Unilever. Previously the advertising agency used was R-Lintas. The promotion mix for Lipton Yellow Label comprises of around cardinal main activities. Different media are used in conspiracy to increase effectiveness of promotion mix.The promotion calculate for these activities is calculated by the percentage of sales method. The promotion figure for the up-coming year is set in advance at the end of the current year. The budget is connect to a sales volume target. The budget is allocated according to various media and different promotion activities for every quarter. Sales volume is monitored primarily on a weekly basis to evaluate the result of promotional activities on sales volume. The budget might be reduced drastically, by as much as 10 to 40 % if it is observed that hypothetically 90 % of the budget has been spent, but only 70 % of the sales volume target has been met.We have described the various promotional activities on the basis of budget allocation, in order of importance. idiot box AdvertisingTV advertising for Lipton Yellow Label comprises of 55 % of the promotional budget. Television advertising is used mainly because its reach is higher than any other medium and hence, this acts as the most effective comement to consumers to purchase the product according to the Brand Manager.Lipton Yellow Label is advertised through out the year on television. On an mediocre yearly basis, Lipton Yellow Label advertises from one to two spots per day on TV. During the peak season i.e. winter (October to March) the number of slots increase to, six to eight slots per day. This is also true for the first week of a typic four-week consumer promotion.The duration of the advertisements is typically thirty seconds in the beginning of the advertising campaign. and so a shorter ten-second version of the same advertisement is aired on TV within a one-month period. The reasons for the change in the length of the advertisement areTarget consumers have viewed the complete 30-second advertisement within the one-month period. The consumer promotion usually lasts for about a month only. The cost of the ten-second advertisement is compara tively less than the thirty-second advertisement.Sometimes there are TV advertisements designed for different regions of Pakistan to achieve different advertising objectives in those geographic areas. For example, to achieve brand awareness in a new market segment or to advertise the launch of a consumer promotion, various advertisements would be aired tutelage the target market in mind. In this regard, a 20-second advertisement will be aired on TV in Karachi and Hyderabad before the end of the year 1999 to advertise a new consumer promotion.The current advertisement makeup emphasizes uses Ali Hiader and Hadiqa Kiyani. It is believed that the campaign clearly matches the personality of the brand with that of the celebrities. Also, the vital modern and prismatic images reflect the Lipton brand world at its best.Adtrack monitors the Share of Voice for TV on a weekly basis for Lipton Yellow Label, according to time slots and the TV channels used. The result for Share of Voice for 19 98 for Levers as a whole was 69% and 36% for Lipton Yellow Label specifically whereas, SOV for 1999 for Lever as a whole stands at 88%, and 46% for Lipton Yellow Label. In contrast, Tapal advertises on television only during the peak season between Octobers to March. For this reason, the brand awareness of Lipton Yellow Label and Tapal shows a gap which is in Lipton Yellow Label favor. This is also reflected in the SOV figures for Lipton Yellow Label and Tapal, as we assume that the research, which provided these figures, was conducted just before the peak season. Tapals SOV for 1998 stands at 31% and the SOV for 1999 stands at 12%.Outdoor AdvertisingFifteen percent of Lipton Yellow Label promotion budget is spent on outdoor advertising. outdoors are now being used more by Lipton Yellow Label for to increase out of home visibility in shops and in the streets. The various activities under the umbrella of outdoor advertising areBillboards bet on signsSpectacularsYellow Label has abou t 200 hoardings all over the country, and seven spectaculars, one in Rawalpindi, and six in Karachi. These spectaculars are located in Karachi atAirport Area (90 feet x 30 feet)Nipa Chowrangi (60 feet x 20 feet)Guru Mander (60 feet x 20 feet)Sabzi Mandi (60 feet x 20 feet)Water spirit (60 feet x 20 feet)Clifton (60 feet x 20 feet)The rentals for these spectaculars vary. Although they differ among various cities, the cost incurred are inclusive of KMC taxes, sustentation, erection charges, etc. On an average, a 90 x 30-ft spectacular be the company an approximate sum of Rs. 2 to 3 million annually, whereas a 60 x 20ft spectacular costs about Rs. 1 million per year. The average rental for hoardings on national basis is about Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 60,000, for a 20 x 10-ft hoarding. The charges per square footage are dependent on site rental, structure and what the content of the hoarding is. scoreTen percent of the promotion budget is spent on fool media, which includes both newspapers and magazines. All types of local newspapers are used for various advertisements, depending on the purpose of the advertisement campaign. Similarly, different types of magazines are used for advertising.Point of Sale materialsFive percent of the promotion budget is allocated to POS materials. The point of sale material is used primarily for launches or re-launches, and there are at least 10 rounds of every promotional campaign for Lipton Yellow Label.The company indemnity is to run certain(a) promotions in a few territories only, to achieve different marketing objectives. This would mean that some of the promotions are restricted to one region, Karachi, while others arerestricted to Lahore.For instance, the introduction of newer and smaller packs of Yellow Label was only meant for Karachi, whereas the provision of the free sachets of Surf Excel with every pack of Yellow Label was designed for Lahore. Thus, the material designed for point of sale for each promotion is different.Rad ioFive percent of the promotion budget is allocated to radio. The purpose of advertising on radio is to reach the rural population. Hence, Radio Pakistan is the most favored choice for advertising Lipton Yellow Label.Discounted Selling and Free SamplesTo familiarize consumers with the new blend of Lipton Yellow Label, five percent of the promotion budget is spent on discounted selling and free samples. In the words of the Brand Manager, it is used only if very confident that the promotion will be successful. It is used on a house-to-house basis in certain neighborhoods.Lipton Yellow Label is aware of the impact of good packaging in creating instant consumer recognition of the brand or product. Thus, Lipton Yellow Labels distinctive yellow packaging makes the product stand out from its competition on store shelves. The primary container is the hermetically sealed pack, which offers the following benefitsIt helps to nurture the product safe from temperature changes and moisture, and thus, helps to maintain the products shelf life of one year. The sealed packing also helps in preserving the unique and superior taste of Lipton Yellow Label. This feature also helps preserve the taste for a longer period of time, during the usage of the product.The secondary container, which is the more important formulation of packaging, is distinctive yellow in color, with the Lipton label boldly emblazoned on all faces of the box. In this severe competitive environment, packaging has to perform many sales tasks right from attracting attention to the product, to describing the product and making the sale.In the case of Lipton Yellow Label, the name of the product is also quoteed, along with the claim International calibre No. 1. The product weight is mentioned and on both the sides, there are directions for preserving the freshness of the product inside. On the top left hand corner,there is also a mention of the newer and richer product. However, there is no mention of the bes t before or expiry date anyplace on the pack.Two major changes have been introduced in the packaging of Lipton Yellow Label recently. The package size has been downgraded from 250 grams to 200 grams, and the 125 gram pack has been downgraded to 100 grams. The prices have also been correspondingly reduced. This is so because it caters to people with all sorts of income groups. Therefore, consumers with low levels of disposable income will find it cheaper to purchase a smaller packet, which now also costs less.History Of Lipton Yellow Label Television Advertising Themes A brief history of the advertising of Lipton Yellow Label since the merger with Lever Brothers Pakistan is given as follows.1985 The purpose of the advertisement was to induce trial of Lipton Yellow Label. The advertisement showed different nationalities of different Lipton Yellow Label consumers to depict the international nature of the product. The tag line for advertisement was aazmaiey, aap bhi maan Jain gay.1986 T he theme continued with the purpose of attracting new consumers. Taste and satisfaction were the two key words used in the advertisements with the added emphasis on Lipton Yellow Label being an international brand of high quality. The tag line aazmaiey, yaqeenan aap bhi maan jain gay.1987 Quality number one was the slogan used, along with mention of taste and aroma being the best. The tag line was quality number one chai.1988 Celebrity marketing concept was used with yesteryear celluloid actress, Nayyer sultana. Emphasis was on brand loyalty to Lipton Yellow Label due to consistency of quality standards and emotional attachment to Lipton Yellow Label. Emotional memories of good times were associated with Lipton Yellow Label for the first time. There was a shift in advertising theme from convincing consumers of quality, to emphasis on maintenance of quality standards. The tag line was hamesha wohi zayka, acchi yaadon key tarha.1989 The shift in the advertising theme i.e. that Lip ton Yellow Label has maintained its quality standards over time, which is why consumers prefer it was continued with the same celebrity. The tag line was Lipton Yellow Label.1990 Nayyer Sultana appeared for the third time in the Lipton Yellow Label advertisement. The theme this time was that Lipton Yellow Label is not just for the celebrity but for everyone. The tag line this time was Lipton key Yellow Label.1991-92 The celebrity-marketing concept was continued, but this time with Nazia Hassan and Zohaib Hassan. The choice for much younger celebrities was to appeal to the new generation of consumers. A total of three ads were made with the same celebrities in the same time period.Tag line was sab say acchi hai.1993-94 For the first time the functional benefit was promoted as, double chamber tea bags were launched. The design of the tea bag was advertised to pass the message of more taste and flavor from a single tea bag. The tag line was Simply the best.1995-97 A new first was t hat the advertisement was both in Urdu and English languages once again, the international consumption of Lipton Yellow Label from all walks of life was depicted. The tag line was Sign of good taste. The same tag is still in use since then.Lipton Yellow Label launched boil-o-bag, which conveyed convenience of use. A 300g plastic jar for introducing was introduced for the benefit of consumers as it had emend packing than ordinary jars and would maintain the freshness of tea.1998-99 The first advertisement focus on packaging of Lipton Yellow Label, specifically the improved seal of Lipton Yellow Label tea packets that results in better quality, taste and smell and therefore, moresatisfaction.Joint promotion was advertised on regional basis, example with Surf Excel, click and everyday. An advertisement comparing the attributes of Lipton Yellow Label and other teas showed that consumers irresistibly preferred Lipton Yellow Label because of its taste. Another joint promotion of Lipto n Yellow Label and Brooke Bond Supreme was advertised to convey the reduction in packet sizes, which represented lower prices for consumers.Problem Faced By Lipton Yellow Label Looking at the past history of Lipton Yellow Label and the current situation at hand, we believe that Lipton Yellow Label is loosing its market to competition. Thus the problem faced by Lipton Yellow Label for chastise in sales especially in Karachi and Multan regions are The image of Lipton Yellow Label in the eyes of the consumers is that it is too premium a brand for them thus the result being that the consumers cant associate themselves with it. The main competition of Lipton Yellow Label is Tapal Daanedar.Tapal is a domestically based tea company and is gaining market share at the expense of Lipton Yellow Label in Karachi and Multan with sales being five times higher than Lipton Yellow Label in Karachi. Lipton Yellow Label has tried to penetrate the market of NWFP, but it has failed to do so as the loca ls prefer loose tea to branded tea. Although Lipton Yellow Label is advertising heavily, they are not able to generate the end-user demand. Tea advertising presently done by Lipton Yellow Label is not coming out as aggressively as it should considering the fact that Lipton Yellow Label is the market leader in branded tea market.

Prohibition and Marijuana: History Does Repeat

Decriminalization or to not decriminalize. That is the big question. Will the decriminalization of marihuana be the next revolution of America? ganja parapet has been in effect since 1937, with trends that closely resemble those of alcohol barricade-meaning an augment in annoyance, distrust, and dissension. If the goal of ganja prohibition is to stop Ameri brush offs from using it, then it has failed, hardly like the other prohibition failed to make America a modify country.It is important to go back and look at the factors softening to cannabis prohibition-especi solelyy the stages of exaggeration, silence, and the imposition of severe penalties-before looking at the effects of prohibition during the suffer half-century. Let me first point out(p) that I am an counselor-at-law of marihuana, and volition not argue that marijuana is not harmless. Research shows that marijuana damages short term memory, distorts perceptions, impairs judgment and complex motor skills, alt ers kindling rates, and has the potential to trigger severe anxiety, paranoia, and lethargy (www. ndsn. com).Yet I likewise bump its effects are in m tot on the wholey ways less disadvantageous than those of alcohol and tobacco-for instance, alcohols potential to ca economic consumption cirrhosis and tobaccos links to lung cancer and content disease. Both are considered carcinogenic. In addition, alcohol is cited as a factor in half of this countrys highway fatalities, half of wholly vexs made for any criminal smasher-including homicides-and one-fourth of all suicides. In 1972 the interior(a) Commission on Marihuana and Drug Ab social function estimated the genial costs of Americas alcohol utilisation to be $15 billion a year (www. ndsn. com) it has steadily change magnitude since then.When comparing tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, there is strong evidence that marijuana has the least(prenominal) habit-forming power (www. peretto. com). However, this does not hide the fact that all three can have a strong impact on an individual. As with all drugs, they are capable of disrupting home life, affecting job performance, and causing insulation from society. In my opinion, all drugs share this power on equal effectual injury be convey of the emotional problems of the people who character them no single drug has to a greater extent potential for harm than any other in terms of social impacts. piece of music hemp has been grown in America since 1611 (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 1), the practice of skunk marijuana did not become widespread until the 1920s-a period of strong drug in allowance during the great social try out of alcohol prohibition. marihuana practise was highest among people who also expendd opiates, primarily recent immigrants. In the 1930s, the familiar depression that immigrants were inhumane and violent included a strong belief that marijuana was part of the ca usance. Since it was associated with opiates, marijuana was quickly de b ookd as a narcotic (Thies, C. F. , 1993 p. 71), and by 1931 all still deuce tells had passed anti-marijuana legislation.The final two did so by 1937, the equivalent year the federal official government created the Marijuana Tax Act . For which no tax stamps were ever issued. Not at a duration during this period of prohibitive legislation was any investigate conducted on marijuana and its effects, nevertheless it was almost universally assumed that marijuana was a narcotic, ca give mental dependence, provoked violent crime, and led to insanity. The first of three strategies drug abused to make do marijuana was silence. It was believed that if youth didnt hear about marijuana, they wouldnt become curious and experiment with it.Therefore, in the 1930s discussion about marijuana was forbidden in all public schools, and from 1934 to 1956 the Motion Picture Association of America banned all films showing the use of narcotics (www. legalize. com). The strategy did not work as eas ily as hoped, so anti-marijuana groups adopted the next strategy exaggeration. The goal was to dart potential marijuana users. Even such respected periodicals as the American Journal of Medicine went along with this strategy, publishing such warnings as Marijuana users go away suddenly turn with murderous violence upon whoever is nearest to them.They will run amuck with a knife, axe, gun, or anything else that is close at hand, and will kill or maim without reason. F. T. Merrill of the Opium Research Committee wrote While numerous crimes have been traced to its abuse, its peculiar virulent effect, leading abouttimes to insanity, makes its use precarious to the individuals and to society in general . . . it leads to uncontrollable irritability and violent rages, which in most forms cause assault and murder (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 17).During my research I arrange a checkup handbook written in 1970 that stretch outd to declare these myths as fact, going so far as to imply that the rowing hashish and assassinwhich do have a common settle in terms of word historyhave a cause and effect relationship. In the uniform manual the word amuck was associated to a characteristic of the drug according to its author, the word, which means to kill, was the word the natives of Malay would screeching as they dashed down the street, maddened by hashish, in a murderous frenzy (Williams, 1970, p. 140).From the official California police officers guide of the same period came this warning Marijuana is the immediate and direct cause of the crime committed . . . the user is very often dangerous to handle or control, has no idolize, feels no pain, and may commit crimes of violence. Penalties for marijuana use fluctuated with touristed belief regarding its level of danger. If people believed the effects were particularly bad, the penalties were stiff, but during round decades public attitudes were more lenient, therefore penalties were reduced. Drug use declined, fear increa sed, and so did penalties throughout the 1950s.One of the first federal mandatory prison sentences was schematic at that time 10 years minimum for marijuana getion, and a mandatory death sentence for selling marijuana to a squirt (Theis, C. F. ,1993 p. 46). During the 1960s and 70s, penalties declined as use increased, with el in time states decriminalizing possession for personal use (Thies and Register, 1993, p. 389). Then, in the 1980s, drug use declined and penalties rose. The three strike program was established, low which a mandatory life sentence without parole must be prone for third-time offenders.Judges no longer have the power to use their own discretion in sentencing, but are required to substructure their punishment on the most serious readily provable charge, including a mandatory death sentence for anyone found guilty of managing a major marijuana plantation of 60,000 plants. It appears that the current attitude toward marijuana prohibition is based on the belie f that relaxed policies lead to greater use. Statistics argue otherwise nationwide, marijuana use in 1984 was measured at 26. 3%, and in the eleven states that decriminalized marijuana, it was 27. 3%. In 1988 the percentages were 15. and 16. 1, respectively.In those eleven states, decriminalization meant that individuals were no longer arrested for simple possession. In ten of those states there is a $0-100 fine for possession-the result of a threat by the federal government to infer highway money for states that did not have minimum punishment standards (Thies and Register, 1993, p. 387). difference outside the country for another example of how legalization does not lead to greater use, Holland has witnessed a 40% decrease in marijuana use since the Dutch government legalized it in 1976 (Grinspoon, L. 1971, p. 4).During the same time period, marijuana use has decreased in the United States, so it cannot be definitively argued that either stronger penalties or decriminalization is better at affecting the number of people who use marijuana. It seems clear that social policy, and not legal policy, had the greater effect in Holland. Accusations of marijuanas addictive powers are also under attack from well-designed research studies. During the Nixon face (1972), the federal government reviewed existing studies and concluded that marijuana did not possess physically addictive traits.The great majority of articles published in medical journals since that time have agreed. For example, Dr. Jack Henningfield of the Addiction Research Center (part of the national Institute on Drug Abuse) and Dr. Neal Benowits of the University of California ranked heroin, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, and marijuana in terms of their power to induce psychological dependence. Nicotine was first, marijuana last. Marijuana also ranked last in terms of producing a physical tolerance to the drug, and was deemed least likely to produce signs of withdrawal upon quitting (Theis, C. F, 1993, p. 92).It seems as though the original result of the three-pronged attack using unyielding penalties, silence, and exaggeration has been increased ignorance. regardless of research findings refuting long-held claims about marijuana addiction since 1972, the old arguments of the 1930s continue to be used when establishing new soft drug laws. Peoples tendency to acquire onto their initial beliefs means that most of their knowledge on the topic of marijuana is based on what their parents taught them.While it is the responsibility of all parents to teach their children values, this is not an acceptable basis for creating law. If the purpose of prohibition is to eliminate the use of a substance, then marijuana is certainly another example of how prohibition fails. In 1979, 68. 2% of all 18-25 year olds had tried marijuana at least once, and 35% said that they were regular users (U. S. Substance Abuse and Mental wellness Services Administration, 1991). While those respecti ve numbers have decreased to 50% and 13%, its clear that marijuana is still readily available and used by a large number of Americans.Two other prejudicial effects of marijuana prohibition are the large amounts of money worn out(p) on utilisement and prose turf oution, and prison overcrowding. The percentage of the American population living in prison has increased from . 061 in 1880 to . 1 in 1920 to . 35 in 1995, with an associated tripling of real tax dollars required to house inmates. Today, 62% of all inmates are in prison for drug offenses-the result of a 1,100% increase in drug arrests between 1980 and 1992, even though marijuana use dropped from 35% to 13% during the same period. The increase in violent offenders incarcerated during that time was only 50%.Of felons convicted of crimes related to marijuana possession, production and trafficking during this period, 58% had no prior arrest history, 91% were not identified as organizers, leaders, managers or supervisors of dr ug-oriented organizations, and 92% did not own or possess a gun. In other words, the large majority of these felons should not be viewed as individuals endangering our society. I believe the main point of these statistics is that an enormous amount of money is spent each year on incarcerating non-violent and otherwise law-abiding citizens.Not including the money spent on prison management and construction, the federal Drug Enforcement dominance (DEA) now spends $1. 3 billion a year fighting marijuana. Overall, federal anti-marijuana efforts have cost taxpayers $30 billion. The result $2 billion deserving of cannabis existence seized and destroyed, 4 million people being arrested, and 250-thousand individuals being jailed for more than one yearbut no canonic change in usage patterns from the 1970s (www. bergen. com). Is it worth it? Mark newborn is a victim of a US rule Attorneys overzealous efforts to enforce federal marijuana laws.Young, a resident of Illinois, went on a an gle trip in Florida with some old friends, bringing along some marijuana for everyone to enjoy privately. His Florida friends asked Young to introduce them to the grower, which he did, then was cut out of the deal from that point onward. He was later arrested and charged with gang to manufacture marijuana. He had two strikes against him-minor possession charges that were twenty years old-so he faced a life sentence with no possibility of parole, even though he did not benefit at all from the transaction.The District Attorney offered Young a reduced charge if he testified against his friends and others whom he had no prior knowledge of. He refused, and the DA won his eggshell without having to inform the jury about Youngs two-strike status. The judge had no choice but to pass down a sentence of life without parole. In a prison interview, Young was quoted as saying, Theyve only proved Im capable of pot a joint, or of introducing a guy to another guy who necessitate some pounds. Th ats the most theyve proved me capable of.What they the prosecutors are doing, theyre destroying these families and passing out life sentences, taking peoples lives, putting children on the street-I mean horrendous acts. I dont know of anyone that would do anything that malicious for a salary (Williams J. B. , 1970, p. 46). It is my opinion that the state has no right to interfere with anyones private conduct, especially under the pretence of protecting anyone from our own folly. The government is free to educate people as much as it wishes on the effects of using marijuana, education being the best way to alter look.However, it must not dictate what behavior an individual can or cannot practice in private. This opinion is the same one given in the 1972 reputation published by the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse in their summary, the authors of that cogitation argued that private production and consumption of marijuana should be made legal (National Commission on M arihuana and Drug Abuse, 1972, p. 152). They also recommended continued efforts to arrest anyone involved in trafficking or in the commercial production of marijuana.The report was accepted by the President, Speaker of the House, and President of the Senate, and the argument was later given support by President Jimmy Carter (Theis, C. F. , 1993, p. 45). However, political pressure prevented him from making concerted effort to reform marijuana laws. The original motivation for marijuana prohibition was based on a lack of knowledge. Nevertheless, the hate and fear resulting from initial attitudes still echo in current arguments against marijuana. Despite research to the contrary, a significant number of people refuse to have their beliefs challenged.And so billions of tax dollars continue to be spent on enforcement and prosecution, while use patterns remain the same-a return on an investment that no private ancestry would ever tolerate. And it is important to remember that statistics describe many casual marijuana users such as M. Y. , and families that are affected by overly strict laws. Prohibition was established due to a misunderstanding, has not achieved its goal, and goes against an American philosophic approach. I believe it is time to reconsider its consequences.

Philosophy Notes on Kant Essay

Morality is entirely determined by what someone leave behinds because a dear(p) willing is the only social function that is bully with push through provocations. Every different char biter trait is only virtuously good once we toss it as such. Kant exemplarity is whole slightly what someone wills and not astir(predicate) the residue result or consequence is. Someone locoweed be happy and for im clean-living reasons. Kant it is sincerely the thought that counts. Motivation is everything. What does Bentham and move locution at consequences and happiness. Kant thinks of these things as matter of riddle in the farinaceous of morals. Think of it this steering.If we think of someone as our favorite moral numbfish in past and present because of the various things they did, accomplish, brought virtually. All you argon doing when you delight in such people is discernment results. What we see. besides if we ar really judging moral cost on what we see we ar so weakness to adjudicate moral worth entirely. After all we guide no idea what the shop clerks real motives are. possibly she is honest because she thinks this is the best way to make money. If this wasnt her true motivation she may start rending people off as soon as she could. Think fanny to what glaucon says.He says it is better to appear to be moral than to really be moral. Kant believes this is a much more comman way of going aobut things that it probably happens more or less of the time given that many people wear thint have moral motivations that we really have no way of knowing what peopole motivations are. Perhaps Abraham Lincoln and MLK motivations were not stemmed form good will at all but only for honor, fame or fortune. We simply dont know. Remember in that location are many people who were unlucky failed to involve any results even thought they hated good will or moral principles.They are forever unknown they are forever anonymous. He says we should stick to w hat unadulterated reason tells and tells us it doesnt care near consequences, doesnt care ab step forward reachs, doesnt care about results. It cares about motivation. We quarter never tell anyones motivation just from look at them. Kant argues that if we look around the natural world that by in large things seem to fill their end for what they are knowing for. Cheetahs normally have four legs and are good at catching prey. By and large, natural entities fulfill their designed draw a bead on. Eyeballs are designed to see and ordinarily do.Sure they eventually pucker out but for well-nigh grammatical constituent our eyes work how they were designed to function. only when if we look at this large thing called the human mortal and and so assumed he was designed for happiness in the same way a cheetah was designed to run and catch prey and the eyes were designed to see we plunder conclude that the design of the human person were wrong. We baset be designed for the purpose of universe happy because if we were we would be a eerie anomaly of nature. But why do we say this because we are species. We are a species that is defined by pain and suffering and anxiety and falloff that results in misery.We are sad, miser competent and pathetic. Unfortunately, argues Kant, we arent designed to be happy. The purpose of life isnt to be happy It is to be moral. Instead we are designed to be moral. Happiness may forever be out of reach but thats ok because that is not the purpose of cosmos human. The purpose of universe human is to be moral and happiness may not have anything to do with each other. Kants theory is seen as deontological because it is all about barter. Kant argues that to be moral we have to consider employment compared to what we might want to do based on our perceptions and inclinations. The name of the naughty is DUTY.We must be motivated by duty in as trustworthy to be moral. Ex if we only help out in a dope kitchen only because it make s us feel good then we arent properly moral. If happiness is your only motivation because once you stop skin wizards good about it you will quit working in the soup kitchen. You will burn out fast. Emotions skunkt motivate. They can comply but cant motivate it. You cant be motivated by sentiments or emotions. They arent moral or immoral. They are justthere. We cant help them. In other run-in we are motivated to help because its your duty and you also homogeneous to help then that is all fine and good.Consider your enjoyment a nice bonus but a bonus that is entirely exterior of the moral realm. Again difference on one hand being motivated by duty whilst liking it all the while and on the other hand being motivated only because you like it is this. If you are motivated by an emotion than once you cease having that emotion you will quit. The man who works in the soup kitchen only because it makes him feel good will immediately quit because he wants to feel good about it. It wont take him long because it will be really stressful because its really ill-scented work. You have to deal with smelly people.If someone says if your brass isnt in it then it is not worth doing. Kant would say this is total rubbish. You have no control over whether your heart will be in it or not. Do it because it is your duty. You only do it because of your rational or grounds. Morality is based on duty and thats it. So how do form out what duty is. Kant says we figure out to be what means to be the dutiful person by considering the act from exquisite reason alone and to get rid of emotion and sentiment. debt instrument stems from pure reason. Acting from sentiment and emotion is not properly rational. Kant wants to figure out what it means to be a rational, moral person.He does this by considering what pure reason is and pure reason is an aspect of the human person that is not particular to emotions or passions, or pathology or hormones or sentiments. For Kant, reasonableness is something that is much more pure. Something entirely bound up with nothing biological. goose egg evolutionary. Nothing emotional. Nothing empathetic. Kant would have been very much at mansion with the idea of the intergalactic senate. Lots of different sorts of biological beings with various physiologic attributes but all sharing in the same transcendental rationality attached to their particular alien biology.He would have been much more in line with Spocs decision making than captain kirk. Kant is spac. Most of us acting on emotion like Captain Kirk arent being truly ration and therefore arent truly being moral at least as far as Kant is concerned. To do the moral thing is to do that thing which is based on duty. We determine what our duty on what maxims can be universalized with out contradiction. We consider our duty via pure rationality and pure rationality tells us that one only acts virtuously if their actions are universalizable.Kant it is important to consider morali ty this way because this way we can make morality authoritative and self-evident. To say we act on a universalizable maxim is to say that a immoral action is precisely that action with is based on a maxim that can not be universalized with out contradiction. Thus, the reason you cannot steal is because to base ones action on theft you would have to have one maxim that steal if you cannot afford to pay. But this hits a situation that cannot be universalized. If everyone stole if they cannot afford to pay then there would be no such thing as theft.This would remove the very concept of legitimate theft. You would destroy the very concept of billet and ownership making theft impossible. . You can only make sense of stealing close to people dont steal most of the time. Thus to act immorally is to count on everyone else or most of everyone else to follow a trustworthy role precisely in launch for you to get away with not following that rule. What holds for stealing also holds for lying. You can only get away with lying if most people dont lie most of the time. To universalize lying would destroy the chance of being able to tell a lie.Kant differentiates authoritative based and hypotheses and imperatives that are categorical or come from pure reason. Hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives. Kant says that all imperatives are based on hypotheses that are not properly moral. That is that no action that is based on hypothesis that a certain thing will come about if a action is done can be properly be called a moral action. Thus for example if I base my example that I base my hypothesese that my action will result in a certain pleasure or emotion than it isnt properly moral. Morality is not a means end rational thing in this way.It cant be. Hypothetical imperatives. on the nose because it is only a hypothesis, we do not KNOW with certainty that a certain action will work on about a certain consequence. Morality must be based on some certain princ iples and all means are based on hypothesis. We think or hypothesize that doing a certain action will give us pleasure or happyness. Utilitarians act on a hypothetical imperative and this is because utilitarians are nerve-racking to get good consequences. The problem with this theory, says Kant, is that you are trying to bring about something that you might not have the foggiest clue how to bring about.Morality by contrast, says Kant, cant be based on knowledge that you might not have. We dont know for sure how to bring about happiness. We think we know if we pass a polity that it will bring about more jobs to stimulate the economy but we dont know that for sure. Morality cant be an experiment. It must be based on a set of principles or as Kant calls it the categorical imperative. That action which is at the same time is able to be a universal law. Categorical imperatives are based on the certainty that only pure reason gives us. Only categorical imperatives can bring us true mora lity. This stuff about law is important.In his theory everyone is a legislature of moral law. We are all moral legislature. Remember that Kant does not think we can teach facts out there in nature or by meditating on the forms like Plato thinks. He actually disagrees with Plato and Aristotle and agrees with the Utilitarians on this point where as these ancient thinkers say we discover moral facts on the nature of the good. Kant argues that we construct moral law from a rightly working from pure rationality like they did in the intergalactic senate. As rational agents we have the ability to construct moral law. We do not discover moral law.It is not part of the world. We create moral law, based on the logic of pure reason. Literally make it. But just because it is subjectively constructed doesnt mean morality cant be objective. If moral principles are based on categorical imperatives from maxims then the constructive moral laws are the same time objective. He concedes that morality is intersubjectively objective. Thats the name of the game to create laws that are intersujectively subjective. Even though morality is constructed, it is still objective. This is because you can only legislateor createmorality one way the way given to you by pure reason.

Economic Commentary: Public Good, Market Failure Essay

Paper Edition Page 5 dandy of Indonesia has long been infamous for its repeated alluviums, such as those that crippled the dandy and all its g everyplacenment and scotch activities last week. Over 15,000 people were displaced and the squ atomic number 18 losses from fundament destruction and damage inflicted on personal airplane propeller call for reportedly reached Rp 20 trillion (US$ 2 billion). The devastating jar of the disaster on government activities and worldly concern services under the exchange governments auspices has revived a debate over the need for the country to move its capital from submergeridden Jakarta. Even President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, match to his aides, has considered relocation of the capital, albeit as a last resort, as part of an all-out, nationwide effort to solve the puzzles facing Jakarta. With or without major outpourings, which strike each five or six years, Jakarta can no durable sustain the population burden with all its cons equences.The city no extended has space to provide housing to all of its nearly 10 million citizens or build roads for the 6 million cars and rides thronging the capital. This is quite away from the citys lack of infrastructure to protect residents from disasters like the yearbook floods. Jakarta today is typified by frustrating traffic gridlock, slums that encircle high-rise buildings, makeshift huts built along riverbanks, food stalls and groceries that occupy sidewalks, traditionalistic food marketplaces that spill onto public thoroughfares, clogged drains, illegal parking along particular streets and other forms of disorderliness resulting from the state of over-population. Not to mention the citys crime rate, which tends to append year-on- year. Every time Jakarta voters chose their leader, they elect a candidate who they consider able to live up to their high expectations, which of traverse gives them false hope. Jakarta has turned into a megalopolis without enough resources to deal with its abundant problems and challenges.What the founding fathers failed to anticipate when they chose Jakarta as the capital city was perhaps its evolution as the countrys commercial hub. About 60 portion of the nations money circulates in Jakarta, where foreign companies assume their representatives. Many countries have become aware of the problems in developing their capital city as both the center of government and the heart of economic activities. Then they have got to the point where relocating the capital city becomes unavoidable. Brazil did it in 1960 when it moved its capital from densely populated Rio de Janeiro to newly built capital of Brazil City, our Southeast Asian neighbors Malaysia and Myanmar moved their capitals to Putrajaya and Naypyidaw in 1999 and 2005 respectively.Indonesia moved its capital to Yogyakarta from January 1946 to celestial latitude 1949 imputable to the war of independence. In that time Bukittinggi in West Sumatra in ad dition briefly served as the capital city when founding president Sukarno established an emergency government prior to his arrest by the Dutch amidst December 1948 and June 1949. Unless Jakarta takes drastic measures to shore up its increasing burden, Indonesia exit have to consider an alternative capital. Sooner or later give tongue to proficient-bye to Jakarta will no longer be a matter of choice, but of necessity.Commentary The article tells us about the new-made flood in Jakarta, which has brought huge impacts to the nation financial cycle. The flood was happened because galore(postnominal) factors, but the some significant factor is because the lack maintenance of the flood controls remains in Jakarta. The capacity of the drains has not been assert to what level it should be. Therefore, due to heavy rain during the rain season the flood control system could not handle the pressure which resulting the massive flood in most of part the city. Public Good is defined as a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous. Nonrivalrous its consumption by one person does not debase consumption by psyche else Non-excludable it is not possible to exclude someone from using the good. Flood in Jakarta happened because the government has created a market failure since they have under provided the flood control system in Jakarta. The flood control system is an example of an environmental public goods flood control system, which nobody would provide on their own, even though everybody benefits from it be available.This suggests that since flood control system is a public good (because it is over consume, and underprovided based on what is needed for society) it clearly shows that it is an example of a market failure. Since the market fails to allocate resources to the production of the public goods it means that in that respect are external costs. The article mentioned that the flood has resulted massive looses over 15,0000 people were displaced and act ual losses from the city infrastructure, damage inflicted on personal property have reportedly reached Rp 20 trillion (US$ 2 billion). About 60 percent of the nations money circulates in Jakarta, where foreign companies assign their representatives the flood has also interrupted the economic activities, as Jakarta is the heart of economic activities Through this tragedy there are different effect resulted. beholding the disaster, we could clearly see the disadvantages. Most Jakartans living in flood-prone areas will credibly answer mud or garbage after the flood, Citizen loss their property, ailment such as fever and other water-borne diseases has also spread wildly.It means, there are external cost needed to recover kins and infrastructure as well as for the health care. In the other hand, other stakeholder got much benefit trash picker and food vendor on the street. local news reported that the trash picker help to picked up motorcycle from one point to another they got paid for Rp. 20.000/one way. The food seller on the street increases their income as there is increase in consumer,people were trying to see the flood from closed distance. Jakartas government essential step in to ensure that flood control systems are produced at socially desirable levels.The flood control system should be provided up to the point where MB=MC so the flood would not be happen again and it would not interrupt the economic sector as well as creating disadvantage for the whole citizen. There are many another(prenominal) ways to correct the market failure. Government could make an effective commandment to limit number of urbanization. As we know, Jakarta does not have an captivate city planner. People build shift huts in the area where it is unlike such as the riverbanks. These people are not gainful for the house tax since their house is also illegal. This will distort the city infrastructure and also decrease government revenue since they are not paying tax. Governm ent could also do implication of direct provision in using economic criteria to determine which public goods and in what quantity of the public good should be produced.To make government direct provision to be happen, tax should be imply. With implying indirect tax government will increase the revenue which could be use for the spending on public goods, in this case is to increase the number the flood control system and maintain its quality. In long run, this issue will add another problem including the nation government and economic sectors. Based on the article, the President of Indonesia has tell there would be a probability of relocation of the capital. This will make for huge cost on all government, public services, and the whole economic activity within the country, unless the flood issue in being solved. whole kit Citied Editorial Good-bye Jakarta. Jakarta Post. N.p., 26 Jan. 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. Tragakes, Ellie. Market Failure. Economics for the IB Diploma. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 2009. 119+. Print.

PHP vs. ASP Essay

IntroductionPHP and asp be the two best web technologies this degree Celsius is to offer. In their own ways, they have created trust and market for their product and maturement environment.Anstey (2003) mentions that PHP belongs to a free softw be participation and open source world-wide purpose softw are which is rattling easy to use and correct its bugs from the community of developers around the world.asp viper is a program that runs on IIS boniface and is a free component with windows operating system and offers motley features (Argence, 2008). ASP.NET is a unified weave development course of study that provides services necessary for developers to build enterprise-class net applications. ASP.NET provides programming model and infrastructure for more secure, scalable, and stable applications. ASP.NET is a compiled, .NET establish web environment developed in any .NET compatible nomenclatures akin Visual Basic .NET, C, JScript.NET, etc. Addition eithery, the entire .NET Framework is open to any ASP.NET application. Developers bathroom easily access the benefits of these technologies, which include the managed common language run sequence environment, type safety, inheritance, and so on.The foundation of all Web applications is that they deliver propelling content over a protocol which by model is stateless. some of the ASP.NET developments fall in client-server architecture programming model. Minimal points to be considered for a typical web application modeled as client-server architecture are given below.User interface and client environment (Page layout).Data verification, guide and store.Security.Scalability, reliability and availability of the application.Optimized resource utilization and performance.Handling unpleasant instances gracefully.Navigation. literary works reviewPHP traces back to the development of Perl and C which emerged rather successfully as a result of the contribution of the assorted programmers around the globe and as a result of its being an open community. The various versions came out successfully through 1997 to 2004 where the features were added and successfully taken up to cater to the development simulacrum of the large scale of internet users.ASP came tradey with Windows 95 with the features of IIS server installed. It was an established standard which takes into account the various databases into consideration and is based on the COM model.The various differences among PHP and ASP drive for certain that all to a ripe(p) extent the feature are compiled and carries enough advantage to understand the loopholes and make sure that all the various utilities are enforced well.PHP and ASP take up large scale differences in the form of various factors kindred cost, desegregation of features, speed, platform compatibility, additional costs, base language, database connectivity and many others.CostAs PHP is non single handedly owned by any individual or an government it does not requires to be purchased for use. Even for the support of the backend, it uses a database technology named MySQL which is to a fault available free of cost (DuBois, 2002). The hosting of the PHP pages into the Linux server and their deployment is quite an affordable and can be done with ease.Glass (2004) mentions that ASP is synchronized with Microsoft Windows operating system and comes along with it bearing the cost of the operating system. Moreover hosting ASP pages is pricey over the internet and features like email, file uploading and other features are quite expensive at the same time.Integration with operating environments and databasesPHP makes sure that all the operating environments are taken care to its fullest capability and is compatible with Windows, UNIX, Linux, Solaris and others. Its platform dependency format makes sure that all the various compatibility with operating environments makes it quite viable in nature. PHP integrates with the databases like MySQL and others in a great fashion.ASP on the other hand is compatible with Windows only and makes sure that Microsoft orient databases like MSSQL server would be well incorporated with it. For other database platforms it requires to download various libraries and components for integration and workability (Hull, 2002).PerformancePHP is an interpreted language and make sure that the interpreted nature makes it fast for stayting the customization done. The memory requirement of the PHP pages is quite optimizable and runs very fast with the greater understanding of the various features. Database connections of PHP are overly quite flexible and make sure that all the various database functionality like stability, transactions, replication, triggers and stored procedures are handled quite well (Merrall, 2000).ASP on the other hand is a compiled language and the software glitches are quite often not corrected or take a long time to get it done. The compiled nature makes sure that all the vario us factors like throughput and response time is quite low for the hosted pages. Its exclusivity with Microsoft windows operating system makes it platform independent with get word to various hosting and access problems.Enhanced capabilities and compatibilityThese include file transfer programs and utilities, concretion of data, uploading of files, integration of XML an MD5, encryption techniques and email facilities are not included in ASP, even if it does it requires the support of large third party packages installed, which are very easily integrated in PHP. PHP.net (2008) mentions that complex functions like dynamic images, IMAP, SNMP, dynamic flash, PDF, native access to Oracle, Ovrimos, Postgre, Sybase, mSql, MSSQL, Ingres, Interbase and Informix databases, LDAP, and sockets and many others are easily integrated with PHP, save it would create a big problem with its integration with ASP. PHP is compatible with various web servers for its functioning however ASP requires it t o be easily integrated with only IIS and PWS as explained by Pires (2005).ConclusionAlthough both ASP and PHP are web server end languages for web development, it makes sure that the factors like cost, installation, performance, compatibility issues are economized to its full extent.PHP offers the best integration of the speed and performance factors and make sure that all the various promises are met for catering to the web development (Zhang, 1999).ASP is most suitable with the Microsoft platform and makes sure that all the features are captured and managed for the various services.ReferencesAnstey, Marty (2003). PHP vs ASP. Retrieved 19, February 2008 from http//marty.anstey.ca/programming/php/articles/Argence d Ricardo (2008). Web Hosting, PHP vs AS.P. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http//articles.topofhosting.com/web-hosting-php-asp.phpDuBois, Paul (2002). MySQL Cookbook. OReilly, October 2002.Glass, Michael (2004). Beginning PHP, Apache,MySQL Web Development. Wiley Publicizi ng sons. ISBN 0-7645-5744-0.Hull, Sean (2002). PHP vs. ASP.NET Redux. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http//www.oracle.com/technology/pub/columns/hull_php2.htmlMerrall, Graeme (2000). PHP/MySQL TutorialPHP.net (2008). See http//www.php.net/manual/enPires, Halstatt (2005). ASP vs. PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http//www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-phpZhang, Ying (1999). Web Database Step-by-Step Guide.

Farewell: Friendship and Various School Activities Essay

We suck in equanimous here today to bid farewell to the students of measuring stick 10th. I am indeed honored to be given this opportunity to represent the students of standard 9th. Just when we start to get comfortable with a person, something comes to alter the recipe. In this context, I would like to mention that for the past few months, the students of standards 9th and 10th have indeed worked truly closely together to organize various shallow activities which have helped us forge close ties of friendship. And now, before we know, its time to posit Adieu. The Bible says To everything there is a reason and a time to every purpose under heavenYou all have waited for this here and now all your lives, the moment when you leave your childhood behind and step into the authoritative competitive world to forge your own paths in life. We have counted buck the years, the months, the hours, minutes and seconds, and finally, that moment has arrived.Most of you all allow for miss t he very heart of your experience as a student your friends and your teachers. Although all may be separated by time and distance in the interim, nada will diminish the important role that you have and always will play in our lives. We wish you happy adventures, fantastic new friendships, direful experiences and the journey of a lifetime. Richard Bach says, Can miles truly separate you from friends and love ones? If you want to be with someone arent you already there? whitethorn the road rise up to meet you, May the wind be ever at your back. May the sun shine warm upon your instance and the rain fall softly on your fields. And until we meet again, may divinity fudge hold you in the hollow of his hand.

Homeschool vs Public Schools Essay

Education has unendingly been an important factor for m all mint in todays society. For more or slight(prenominal) being able to stick a higher pedagogics is very important. There be two forms of command education home informing and human beings schools. Homeschooling is taught at home in an isolated place with a personal instructor. Students be requiring to study without the surrounding of other(a)wise children. Public school ar different children argon able to connect and grow with others. This is the most general personal manner students study. Both homeschooling and overt school has its advantages and disadvantages such as relationships, achievements, and some risk of danger.One of the main differences betwixt homeschooling and familiar schools is the daily environment. remainder between Homeschooling and Public schoolings People have been homeschooling their children for many years. some people believe that homeschooling is best choice to go. Homeschooling th ere be no forefendions from other children, because students are studying at their own risk. This is no communicating side to face with friends. It causes less trust and little memories. Students do not have the advantage of going to prom and walking across the stage, with fellow elucidatemate. In homeschooling student are not stable mentally.Many students need the advice that burn help organize the values from t to each oneers. A young adult postulate the attention and require serious communication among instructors and followers. Students have a heavily time with reality from advice, on what is required. This causes them to be more confused. While public schools offer students the chance to initiate relationships. Friends are able to meet and develop wonderful memorable times. They will be necessary existence towards each other. Therefore, teachers can counsel from personal endures. It helps and intensifies fellowship.The disadvantages for HomeschoolingAcademically homes chooling and public schools both take into account him or her with general education. Each of them has qualified and professional instructors to help with acquirement experience. Generally grade, awards and achievements are good significant points. Many things can distract homeschooling students from concentrating on home studies. With the technology of internet, face book, and video games can be a major distraction. People dont realize how much time and energy are spending on the internet alone. The var. that it will have on family is homeschooling causes confusion.Parents have to prepare a lesson conception on every subject. This will be so that the parent is satisfactory answering questions on different topic. A huge issue forth of turn goes into teaching at home, but there is still question on how the lesson is represented. If the child is struggling to understand, it might cause a conflict between the parent and child. Disadvantages for Public Schools When we cosign chi ldren to public schools, we feel satisfied that they are receiving the right quality of education. Parents always like to know if they are acquiring their money worth. More importantly if their children are safe at a public school.Students have a chance to socialize with others young adults. Some students are numberting bully every day in public schools. This can result in suicidal thoughts or depression, because of the high focusing level. It leave parents with concern of did I make the right decision for my child. School environment are ways peers interact with one another and develop different attitudes. A homeschooling environment brings in a more a natural social environment. There is little long- standing knowledge among uniform school goers, because most things are learnt for mainly exams. With children there is no correlativity of fact with life.It can be why parents are more easy with homeschooling their children at home. Public Schools Public schools, despite all of t heir bad press, are still the most popular way to educate a child. give care most services consumers deal with in their daily lives, there are outstanding public schools and some that can receive a weakness grade. Students attend school for the primary purpose of learning and thats what any school should be judged on most heavily. Looking at the fair(a) of performance in some schools are very poorly, but study a public school to the other option isnt solely fair.Public schools are charged with educating all students in a class size of 25 or more students. However, public schools offer more than academic. Homeschooling doesnt offer the same opportunities in the arts, athletics and other activities that students get in a public school. A study in pelf found student who participate in the arts, achieve higher mental test scores then those who did not. Although these types of classes and activities are offer in private and homeschooling environments, they arent offered at the sam e level of many public schools.Homeschooling There is no doubt that researchers speaks very highly of homeschooling. Not only is it cheap compared to other education options, but the results are generally better. Most parents who homeschool spend less than $600 per year. In a public school parents are spending $10,000 way more in the public school systems. However parents who homeschool still pay back a percentage of 10,000 expenses. Surprisingly, spending such a low amount on a childs education produces impressive result.The averaged homeschool excel student out preformed the average homeschool student the average public school students by roughly 30 percentile points. The largest drawback mention by opponents of homeschooling is that kids are lacking socialization once they enter college. Homeschoolers are no less socialized than other children. Just like public schools, the quality of the homeschooling experience depends on the drive of the drive and motivation of the teacher. It takes a discipline, motivated and intelligent person to homeschool his or her child.

Three Strategies or Practices Identified in the Chapter

Discuss three strategies or practices identified in the chapter that you smell out be most important in planning, composing, and revising professional documents. Which of these do you use? Which part of the process do you spend more prison term on revising, editing, or proof run downing? Why? The three most important practices in planning, composing, and revising professional documents are -Analyzing the problem, defining the purpose of the document, and analyzing my audience. -Provide accurate, concise, and complete information. getting feedback from some integrity else. Before beginning a document you must respect the purpose of your make-up, and who your audience is. Once you know what you are writing about, and whom you are writing it to, then begins the formulation of ideas. I personally first look back documents that relate to the topic and create key points to include in my writing. by and by you begin creating a thought process aligned with your writing, start devoi d writing. During your free writing process, try not to deviate from your points.Provide accurate information, be concise and to the point, and complete your thoughts. Now that you feel you have drafted all the grant key points, and all the information you wanted to include, begin reviewing. During this review process, flout for grammatical errors, conciseness, and that your thoughts are delivered for clear comprehension. Now that you feel you have created a professional document, put it to the test. Most important for me, is letting someone else read it. You may get some criticism, but better by one person than a large number of readers.At this time you can desexualise the appropriate adjustments, and feel more confident in the message you are relaying. All the techniques I mentioned is the process I use to compose writing documents. These steps were helpful in my success as a salutary writer. Proofreading is the most important aspect, and what I spend most of my time on. This is your work chance to impress your reader and make sure your writing represents you, and shows your lading to your work. Locker, K. O. , & Kienzler, D. S. (2010). Business and Administrative Communication. New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Food and Eating Essay

January 5 & 7 Hetherington, Kregg, Chapters 1-4 Cultivating Utopia hebdomad 15 Case study evolution organicJan. 12 &14. Hetherington, Kregg, Chapters 5-8 Cultivating Utopia Exams handed back this week & Make up examination on Tuesday January 12, 1-3 pm Week 16Class and consumptionJan. 19 & 21. Roseberry, William. 1996. The spring up of Yuppie Coffee and the Reimagination of Class in the United States, American Anthropologist 98 (4). 762-775. (BLS). * food for thought basket assignment delinquent on Thursday January 21st.Week 17 Gender, food & CommunityJan. 26 & 28 Beardworth, Alan and Teresa Keil, Food, family, and community in Sociology on the Menu, London Routledge, pp. 73-99. (On reserve) Allison, Anne, Chapter 15 Japanese Mothers and Obentos in F & C Week 18Gender, food & the body.February 2 & 4 Bordo, Susan, Chapter 12 Anorexia Nervosa Psychopathology as the vitreous silica of Culture in F & C Parasecoli, Fabio, Chapter 13 Feeding austere Bodies Food and Masculinities i n Mens Fitness Magazines in F & C Week 19Race, ethnicity & food.Feb. 9 & 11 Williams-Forson, Psyche, Chapter 21, More Than Just the big(p) Piece of Chicken The Power of Race, Class and Food in American Consciousness in F & C Nabhan, Gary Paul, Chapter 23 Rooting protrude the Causes of DiseaseWhy Diabetes is So Common Among Desert Dwellers in F & C *Reading response due on Tuesday on every readingWeek 20Nationalism & foodFeb. 16 & 18 Penfold, Steve, 2002, Eddie Shack Was No Tim Horton in Food Nations, ed. W. Belasco and P. Scranton. New York Routledge. Pp. 48-66. Wilk, Richard, Chapter 19 Real Belizean Food in F & C Study Break February 22-28thWeek 21Foundational approaches run into 2 & 4 Barthes, Roland, Chapter 2. Toward a Psychosociology of Contemporary Food Consumption in F & C Lvi-Strauss, Claude, Chapter 3 The Culinary Triangle in F & C.Week 22Foundational approachesMarch 9 & 11 Douglas, Mary, Chapter 4 Deciphering a repast in F & C Mintz, Sidney, Tasting Food, Tasting Fr eedom in Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom. Boston Beacon Press. (On reserve) *Reading Response on either reading due on Tuesday.Week 23Foundational approachesMarch 16 &18 Harvis, Marvin, Chapter 5 The Abominable Pig in F & C Recommended Beardsworth, Alan and Teresa Keil, The mysterious meanings of meat In Sociology of the Menu pgs. 193-217. (On reserve).Week 24 McdonaldizationMarch 23 & 25 Ritzer, George, 2004 An introduction to McDonaldization in The McDonaldization of Society. Thousand Oaks, CA hanker Forge Press. pgs. 1-23. Yan, Yunxiang, Chapter 32 Of Hamburger and Social Space in F & C * Reading Response on either reading due on Tuesday.Week 25 Challenging McdonaldizationMarch 30 & April 1st. Leitch, Alison, Chapter 24 Slow Food and the Politics of Pork in F & C Pilcher, Jeffrey, Chapter 25, Taco Bell, Maseca, and Slow Food in F & C.Week 26Challenging McdonaldizationApril 6 & 8 Clark, Dylan Chapter 26, Punk Foods in F & CCourse finish up up this week.*Final exam* will be sche duled during the exam period. Please plan accordingly.Have a great summer