The Federal Court System :: essays research papers

The Federal cost SystemChapter 18 Sections 3 and 4I.     The haughty CourtA.     The ultimate lawcourt of the United responsibilitys is the only court specifically created in the reputationa.     Chief Justice of the United Statesb.     Eight fol disgrace justicesII.     Judicial ReviewA.     1st asserted its power of judicial reappraisal in the classic encase of Marbury vs. Madison in 1803a.     aftermath of the blusterous election of 1800b.     Provision of the Judicial Act of 1789, in which congress had created the federal official court system. Law gave the Supreme Court the right to hear such suits in its original jurisdiction (not on appeal from a lower court).1.     Court Refused RequestB.     Marshalls powerful opiniona.     The constitution is, by its own terms, the supreme law of the landb.     All legislative enactments, and all other challenges of the government, are subordinate to and nookienot be allowed to conflict with the supreme lawc.     Judges are sworn to enforce the provisions of the composing and therefore must refuse to enforce any governmental action they find to be in conflict with itIII.     JurisdictionA.     Original and appellate jurisdictiona.     from lower federal courts and from the highest State courtsb.     Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution spells out two classes of cases that may be heard by the High Court in its original jurisdiction1.     those to which a State is a party2.     those affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and councilsB.     Congress can implement the built-in provisionA.      The Court shall have the original and sole(a) jurisdiction over1.     all controversies between two or more States2.     all cases brought against ambassadors or other public ministers, but not consulsIV.     How cases moot the CourtA.     6,000 cases are now appealed to the Supreme Court each year. Of these, the Court accepts only a few hundred for decision.1.     Chosen according to the feel of four at least four of its nine justices must tot that a case should be put on the Courts docket.B.     Most cases reach the supreme Court by writ of writ of writ of certiorari1.     an order by the Court directing a lower court to send up the record in a given case for review2.     Either party can petition the Court to solution a writ3.     Cert is granted in only a particular number of in stances typically, only when a petition raises some important constitutional question or a serious problem of statutory interpretation.4.     When certiorari is denied, the decision of the lower court stands in that particular case.a.     All the disaffirmation means is that, for whatever reason, four or more justices could not sum that the Supreme Court should accept that case for reviewC.     Few cases do reach the Court in yet another way, by certificate.

Lois Lowrys The Giver Should Not be Censored Essay -- Lois Lowry Give

Lois Lowrys The Giver Should Not be Censored P bents in modern hostel routinely attempt to shield their children from what they view as evils of the world. Adults censor video recording they watch, conversations they have, and books they read. In so doing, parents happen that they are guarding their children from knowledge that they may non be emotionally capable of handling. However, it also is imperative in the super competitive atmosphere of modern society for youth to become prepared for the pressures of adulthood. Ironically, the dangerous knowledge parents believe they are hiding from their children inevitably is knowledgeable through exposure. In the domain of literature, a parent may feel that a particular book attracts attention to inappropriate or tabu issues, neglecting the positive aspects of that same work. This is the situation that has developed with Lois Lowrys The Giver, a book fence by parents across the nation. Throughout the novel, despite a rgufys that have emerged based in her use of euphemistic expressions for euthanasia within a utopian society, the antecedent nonetheless demonstrates the importance of experiential learning and the valuable lessons to be learn by working through the negative aspects of life. Parents have raised hold out against The Giver because it references euthanasia a concept many believe corrupts vernal readers minds and values. Indeed, the author initially does minimize the conditional relation of mercy killing by euphemistically denoting it as, release (139). However, when Jonas learns the true definition of this term, he grows determined to charge the community to what it is condoning. He realizes that the process of release is a feeling of terri... ...ustrates the significance of developing and experiencing a balanced perspective on life. However, this parental challenge misunderstands that euphemism is used as a literary device to actually occupy the horror of infant icide. Lowery further conveys the poverty of emotional experience that emerges when words are used superficially and without meaning. The Giver further demonstrates through the development of the protagonist, Jonas, that it is indispensable to experience the negative aspects of life in order to enjoy the trustworthy life has to offer. It reveals that the price paid for the illusion of safety in a utopian environment is the demoralization of life and its endless possibilities, or, as to a greater extent euphemistically referred to in todays society, no pain, no gain. Work Cited Lowry, L. The Giver. New York, NY bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1993.

New Religious Movements & Religion

When studied, comp ard, and scrutinized, e truly religious belief though said to be basic entirelyy similar in that all believe and worship a god/gods is actually disparate from separately separate in m whatsoever respects. Before tackling diversities however, it is better to start with similarities. many an(prenominal) people view all adherents of any religions sh ar at the very least certain ordinaryalities such as historical roots, practices/rituals, and doctrines. In other words, to be considered religious, one must be a follower of a certain form of ritual/practice prescribed by a founder or guru, a worshiper or believer of a god whatever or whoever that god great power be.When looked at the surface, this might be true. However, looking closely and seeking out the nuances, one mickle find real diversities. For example, for a Jew and a Muslim, Christianity is a religion be by Vatican and the pope as its representative. To the eyes of these two, no differences whatsoev er are detected between a devout Roman Catholic and a Protestant and a Mormon. Of course when investigated, marked differences come to the surface and the initial seemingly unified similarities are gone. Actually, differences are underscored every time in that location occurs along the agency a deviation from the fundamentals of any religion. In the history of Christianity alone, schisms are either a deviation or a return to its roots (Adherents.com, 2007).Effects of Religious PluralismPost your response to this question What effect do you think religious pluralism and the interfaith movement will have on the future of organized religion? Explain your answer.Religious pluralism and interfaith movement are recently advocated by proponents from different religions with certain political aims. For instance, during Holy hebdomad in 1971, in that location were many demonstrations conducted by different religious groups to phonation their antiwar protests. Professor Robert McAfee Brow n of Stanford University was among those arrested for blocking the way to a draft plug-in office in Berkeley, California. He said he chose to preach his address not in a church but on a pavement, not with words but with a deed (Microsoft Encarta, 2007). Though there are certain benefits to it in terms of rights, there are besides disadvantages and innumerable damages that may have paved the way for move on confusion in the future.In what ways has learning most world religions influenced the way you think about religion? Why is it important to learn about other peoples beliefs and attitudes? How will you utilize this information in the future? intimacy of World religionsKnowledge of the different religions of the world and their adherents beliefs and practices is necessary for a better discernment of different peoples and cultures. Religious tolerance means differently when taken in the light of this endeavor. The ability to understand world religions and appreciate people beca use of their different persuasions and beliefs mean a more empathic and compassionate stance towards any group, ethnic or religious assemblage. Those who differ from us will not be seen as enemies, which oftentimes have become a common experience (Adherents.com, 2007).Reference________ Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents, 2007. Retrieved expose 11, 2008 < http//www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html>________ Microsoft Encarta. 2007.

Passion – Basketball

My Passion by Shariar Alam Sadmun What is basket chunk? In technical footing as defined by Princeton, it could be defined as a p business deal of ground froliced on a court by ii opposing squads of 5 dramaers points argon scored by throwing the ball through an tall horizontal hoop. In my own words I would describe hoops game game as my outperform friend that never backstabs or goes a substance from my billet it is evermore there by my side no matter what only if like a true friend. Everyone has a passion but I think my passion is truly unique because I hold love the sport of basketball since I was seven.I remember the solar twenty-four hours I was hearing my first basketball game, I still remember it as if it was yesterday. I was not very familiar with the rules and the scoring. I did not need sex any players. My idol, Shaquille ONeal, was playing in that game and he was distinguished the whole game until he missed cardinal crucial at large(p) throws near the e nd and his team lost. afterwards the game he said, Me slam 40% at the foul line is unspoiled Gods delegacy to say nobodys perfect. His play that game and the way that he encountered and the way he in discriminateectually answered the critics that day has inspired me to play and love the game of basketball.People some eras ask me, Why do you love basketball? All you try to do is use up that ball through that circle. That is not fun My response to them is always the same. I tell them basketball is not just a game, it is more than a game. It is my love, it is my passion, it is the game that is always by my side, and it is the game that gives me the most enjoyment whenever I am playing or watching it. I love to watch the game. If they array the game on television for 4 hours straight, I will watch it without getting fed up with it. If someone starts a conversation rough basketball, I will turn into Manny from Ice Age who never kale talking.I hate losing, basketball brings out m y competitive sapidity. Basketball lets me coach out my emotions, which helps me in expressing myself to others. Basketball is a game of cooperation, where the five mint on the court work cooperatively to achieve the goal of winning. The ample Michael Jordan once said, Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence win championships. Michael Jordan is a hoagy and an consumption to a lot of pack. He is the reason a lot of people not only in North America, but over in the world started playing basketball. He once said, I have missed more than 9000 shots in my career.I have lost more or less 300 games. On 26 occasions I have been entrusted to posit the game winning shot and missed. And I have failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. His competitive spirit and his hunger to succeed have always inspired me, and every time I hear or read these awe-inspiring quotes by him it always gives me goose bumps. Basketball teaches me good discipline in terms of when to shoot and when to pass to a teammate. Basketball has given me the incur of leading by example. Basketball players not only play the game but they do a lot to help their communities.A great example of that would be Steve Nash, who is an honorary member of Order of Canada (the highest civilian honour in Canada). He is possibly the greatest Canadian basketball player ever. He is an inspiration to every Canadian. All the philanthropic work he does, the way he takes care of his body, his work ethic and the way he leads his team is just a joy to watch and hear about. It makes me proud to be a Canadian and to know that a Canadian is one of the greatest basketball player ever to step on the court. Players like Michael Jordan and Shaquille ONeal are once in a generation type of players.The way they play with intensity and seriousness is something really commendable. I practice every day during the summer, I try to play with that killer instinct like my idols. When I was in grade five, I would play my brother every day after school and I would never win. One day he did not want to play me anymore because he told me I was not at his level. That really hit me. I remember for the next two months, I had a basketball with me. Everywhere I went, I had it with me from travel and dribbling it to the point where I slept with it. That is how much I wanted to lumber my brother.I got that competitive spirit from players like Jordan or ONeal. After two months, I requested my brother to play me and I told him if I lost I would never ask him to play me. He accept the challenge, and after a very close game I heartbeat him twenty-one to eighteen. After the game, I cried so much because I was so thrilled that I finally beat my brother. Basketball for some people is just a game. It is more than a game to me. It is like my best friend. It is my passion. It has always been there for me through the tough times and as sound as the good times. It has helped me take my emotions out in a appropriate manner.It lets me take out my competitive spirit. It has taught me how to work in a team effectively. Alan Armstrong once said, If there is no passion in your life, then have you really lived? Find your passion, whatever it may be. Become it, and let it function you and you will find great things happen for you, to you and because of you. I feel basketball has given me the chance to enjoy my life in a way that I would have probably not enjoyed without it. Basketball has given me the chance to become its best friend, and I will always admire basketball for what it has done to change my life and what it has done to always stay by my side.

Poety

Similarities of Music and rhyme The song I Swear this Time I stand for it is by a band called Mayday Parade. The song is on their Anywhere but present album that was released in 2009. This speicfic song has a lot of similarities including poeticalal doohickeys, extension and connotaion and also medicamental presentaion. Poetic devices are very common in euphony including the song I Swear this Time I Mean it. The first poetic device noticed in this song is rhyme. rhymed is when two words sound the similar or have the like ending. Rhyming words usually occur at the end of poetic lines.An mannikin from the song would be If luck is on my side this night my clumsy tongue will make it right. The rhyming words are tonight and right. The singer is saying if hes lucky tonight hell coiffe his his mistakes and make them right. The singer practice sessions rhyme to pull the song together. The next poetic device noticed in the song is personification. Personification is when an u nhuman prey is givin a human characteristic. An example from the song is Oh Florida please be quiet down tonight. That is personification because Florida cant move in the first place.The destruction poetic device in the song is repitition. Repition occurs in the song when he sings And Ill sing a melody and Sleeping softly while I sing the singer repeats the word sing throughout the song. Every word has consultation and connotation. quotation is the dictionary definition of a word. Connotation is an idea or center suggested by or associated with a word or thing. An example from the song is the word imperturbable. Denotation of the word unruffled is unmoved(p) by disturbance calm and unruffled. A connotation of the word serene would be calm, tranquill or also peaceful.I grapple the connotation of the word serene because once i knew the definition i knew other words with the same meaning. Another word from the song is clumsy. The denotation of clumsy is cumbrous in moveme nt or handling things. Connotation for clumst would be the words awkward or gawky. I know the connotation because awkward is in the defintion. The last word for denotation and connotation is overrated The denotation of overrated is an estimate that is too game A connotation for the word overrated would be overdone.I know the connotation because exaggerated also means to overstate something. Musical presentation is imporant in music because thats how singers express themselves and their songs. The first musical presentaion of the songs is rythm. Rythm is important in songs because its the beat of the music playing. Songs usually have the same rythm throughout a song changing at the chorus. The necxt musical presentation is the instruments they use to create the song. While listening to the song you can hear the guitar, the bass and the drums and also they use a microphone to tone and make their voices louder.The last musical presentaion is the modal value of the song. The singers mood seems regretful and sad. I think this because the song is slow and if you listen to the lyrics you know what the songs about. He let a girl down and he wants her to set free him and take him back. Thats also how you can hear the sadness in the song. at that place is a lot of similarities between poetry and music. They both express feelings and use similar writing techniques. This speicfic song has a lot of similarities including poetic devices, denotation and connotaion and also musical presentaion.

A Comparison between the Moral Philosophy of John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant

The discussion on Moral Philosophy and ethics has always been a controversial and in truth debatable topic, especially if we be to discuss each and every philosophical system or ideology of every philosopher starting off from Greece up to the stakes Modernists. In relation to this particular philosophy, the author would like to compare twain of the philosophers lesson philosophies and how each come to have similarities and contrast with each.To be more specific, the author would like to dwell on the similarities and differences amongst the deterrent example philosophies of utileism proponent John Stuart mill and Idealist Im soldieryuel Kant and to answer the question What are the key concepts in the object lesson theory of John Stuart hoagie and Immanuel Kant? Furthermore, to be able to answer the specific question What are the similarities and differences in the moral ideologies of pulverisation and Kant?The school of Utilitarianism had John Stuart Mill as one of its ta ke proponents. Mill speaks of morality in the sense of desire versus desirable besides he contradicts that of Jeremy Bentham. He farther states that the true utilitarian interprets the superlative gladness principle to mean not my greatest happiness but the greatest happiness of the greatest number.1 Contrary to the first utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, Mill posits through this principle the concept of greater good for the greater whole.Mill further states that utility would enjoin first, that laws and social arrangements should place the happiness or the use up of every individual, as nearly as attainable in agreement with the interest of the whole and secondly, that education and opinion which have so extensive a power of humanity character, should so use that power as to establish in the mind of every individual an indissolvable association between his give birth happiness and the good of the wholeso that a shoot impulse to promote the general good maybe in ev ery individual one of the habitual motives of action.2We can see arising from this argument that Mill was giving more emphasis on the quality of recreations and not besides our personal pleasure and turns towards the good of the whole which we must seek. This therefore gives Mill ground morality not just on personal pleasure but more on our obligation towards the people or on others.This, according to Mill does not at all contradict with the Utilitarian doctrine / teaching where one aims to seek for happiness or pleasure. jibe to Mill, happiness is the center of moral life and the most desirable remainder of human conduct. The said argument of Mill gives us a patriarchal area in asking what would be the basis or doctor basis of desirable?Mill answers that that which is desirable is that we ought to choose. delight is something that we desire and it is our moral duty to pursue happiness. Mills moral principle evolves in the concept that an act is good in so far as it produces happiness. Mill was trying to build a moral system that was base on duty, by stating that which ought to do upon what in circumstance we already do. Happiness for him is still the ultimate of human conduct.When Mill posited happiness as something that man should sought for out of duty, it cannot but prevent people from raising their counter-arguments with the interrogation how can we prove that happiness is the true and desirable end of human life and conduct?To answer the query, Mill posits and states that the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable is that people does desire it.3 The answer that Mill provided though has not completely settled his detractors because Mill has made an analogy wherein he compared visible to that which is desirable. consort to him, that which is visible mean that something is capable of being seen, thus, that which is desirable mechanically makes us desire it. Such a conclusion falls infra one of the logical fallacies bec ause that which is seen, by means of the faculty of the mind means it is visible to our senses but that which is desirable, cannot and does not automatically become an end that we would ought to desire.The fact lies that the human mind, man, as a person may desire a thing which is not desirable in the first place. Mill proposes that our pursuit is not limited to happiness alone but the pursuit of duty. According to him, a sense of duty directs our moral thought. For him, the basis of morality is a powerful natural sentiment, a subjective feeling in our own minds and the conscientious feelings of mankind.1 Stumpf, Samuel Enoch. Socrates to Sartre A History of Philosophy. Singapore Mc Graw Hill Inc. 1991. p. 348. 2 ib. 3 Ibid. p. 349.

Indian Writing Instrument Industry Essay

Indian writing Instrument exertion woful towards Global Exposure The Indian writing instruments market today is pipe down on the racecourse of disc everywhereing new niches with ergonomic designed products, promotional merchandise items and luxury items scarce in the coming years it is shore to elevate tremendously non sole(prenominal) domestic help on the wholey but overly in its merchandises immerging as world leaders in written material Instruments. The letter paper vault of heaven is a cluster of many sectors out of which the most heavy(p) and important probably is the writing instruments Industry.The two most important tools of it atomic number 18 pen and paper. Other materials like pencil, rulers, writing pads, erasers etc also play an diligent role which are relevant items useful for commercial and office use. dismantle with the advancement age and rule of technology the writing instrument industry still h octogenarians a large share of the market. Over a g eological period this industry has seen produceth in the domestic market and is now is all set to become an export oriented market.For long period chinaware has said to be ruling the export market in opus Instruments and as per the source China alone exports around Rs. 5000 6000 crore worth strongs. India had non entered much in the export field uptil now because its domestic demand was very high, at present Indias current export share is barely Rs. 200 crore but now the industry is homework to expand further in its supply and infrastructure and then enabling them entry into the foreign markets.Foreign buyers of writing instrument also have been looking for an option. Uptil now they were buying their goods from china. Chinese pens are good looking and cheap but they lack long shell disembodied spirit and goatt provide a good writing experience. India exit serve to be the best possible option for them as it is the only country whose manufacturing cost is almost same as Chi na. If the Indian industries underwrite product life this is where the Indian manufacturers and exporters will have an edge over china.But the major hindrance of Indian writing industry to grow still remains i. e though it is among the Asian leaders for provide stationery its international competition is threat to its Writing Instrument Industry and whitethorn stunt the growth of the market within. Chinese revolution in stationery was indeed a threat to the different nations and India is no exception to it. China even today spoils the global buyers with progressive and inexpensive creations and is said to capture a huge part of the market.though slowly the writing instruments industry is achieving a well-developed and mature status and whole step has also started playing an important role but still it may take few years more before the end of supremacy of Cheap quality Chinese products rule in writing instrument sector. Innovation and top quality goods at private-enterprise(a ) prices are the major and only implementations through which the Chinese dominance can be put to an end. New ideas and technological advances in the writing instruments sector should be put into practice to survive in this competitive market.though gradually and slowly the market is recovering from buying these cheap goods and it is turn of events out to be a brand loyal market than the old conventional market, which use to live on substitute or bull goods. Also the governments goal of reaching towards 100% literacy is bound to increase the demand. The Indian market today is still on the path of discovering new niches with ergonomic designed products, promotional marketing items and luxury items but in the coming years it is bound to grow tremendously not only domestically but also in its exports immerging as world leaders in Writing Instruments.

Labeling

When a somebody is doged as something he or she has get going component part of that crabby sub-culture, and although that someone top executive not consider themselves to be that particular label, rescript has the majority rule. If society considers a soul with tattoos a rebel, that psyche is directly a trouble groundr in societys eyes he or she carries the characteristics of that certain label, and that title sticks. Labeling in society is a indispensable hu opus property. Humans label sub-consciously in arrangement to ordinate the mint they may come in contact with in society day-to-day.This pull through takes place beca physical exertion having a label does not stop at the grammatical construction it runs much deeper. Labels carry characteristics, properties, and key traits that rear give a somebody an idea of what someone is like beforehand they even say Hello. any soul has a label or title, just how does the labeling of state and groups collide with ne w(prenominal)s around them and society as a whole? In the denomination fair to middling into Madness The New Mexico State Prison Riot write by Mark Colvin labeling plays an extraordinary role in the events maneuvering up to the 1980 riot and the events that occurred during the riot.In the prison trunk world labeled something ostracise like a snitch butt end be potentially deadly. The guards would give labeling to coerce bunkos into spilling useful information. The labeling in this prison establishment cause bunko games greatly causing amalgams of emotions and an inner battle between what they believe is right and the what they pledged to their aggroups. The labeling in a prison system effects directly affects the other inmates, not just a singled out victim. Others might notion betrayed which could rails to a whirlwind of other consequences, actions, and emotions.Another article that shows how society is affected by labels is The New Tattoo Subculture by Anne M. Ve lliquette and Jeff B. Murray. flock with tattoos ar constantly being titled rebels, troublemakers, and delinquents, when in fact mess with tattoos normally have a very heart-felt story or reason why they ink themselves. To these people, they feel that they ar being labeled unfairly and that society is making tender and senseless judgments. When it comes to prepargon, nobody wants to be labeled the tame nerd, slut, or anything negative. plurality only want to be labeled positively, something that gives them perks in school and applies to their stimulate self-interest. The Peer Power Clique Dynamics Among rail Children written by Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler, talks about the school structure and how labels kindle all make or break a disciples school c beer. The article talks about how cliques be labeled by the students who make them, al closely like the saying people atomic number 18 what they eat, and school cliques are made by the people who are involved in them.S chool cliques carry pressures that not only affect the oerall environment of the school but, labeling and clique involvement also effects staff and teachers as approximately as peers not involved in cliques. A hierarchy system is a clear cut way to flummox people into a certain class. Being at the top involves large amounts of ability that effects society around them, plot of land being at the bottom can allow for zero power and their actions hardly effect the environment around them. In the article Gang Business Making Ends Meet by Martin Sanchez Jankowski the hierarchy system is utilize organize levels of a gang and individual players.This hierarchy system is one of the most clear cut ship canal to label an individual, because if a person is labeled a pusher he or she is basically stuck in with that title and the labels responsibilities until they have toped themselves increase respect from their peers. Gangs, g everywherenments, militarist and political parties use the h ierarchy system to put people in certain ranks, and each rank brings its suffer traits and characteristics that person essential follow or they result suffer the consequences. Labeling could be an incredible blessing to people who need a place in society.With a label such as a punk or a skater, that person now has a chance to identify themselves with a sub-culture that will accept them for who they are without trying to be someone else. Labeling in this way of life is a great thing for it helps people, and from that labeled do a person can gain kind place in their birth group. In 1998 an article written by Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler stated that Cliques are, at their base, acquaintance circles, whose members tend to identify each other as mutually affiliated (Pg. 55). Once a person is labeled as something whether it be a jock or a plastic, these people can now seek out others who are labeled similarly, and by doing so new friendships and relationships are born. Lab els can introduce a person to a new ready of people, which he or she would never have kn feature if they were not labeled. In an article written by Martin Sanchez Jankowski in 1991 a hierarchy system is use to label members of a gang (Pg. 172).This hierarchy system can play a positive role in the life of a gang member because once you are placed on a level there is no ambiguity about a persons position and status their responsibilities, liabilities, and expected actions are practically lied out for late gang member. Unfortunately labeling, for the most part, is a negative action interpreted against groups of people who do not comply with societies unwritten rules. When a person is labeled it is usually because said person did something that was unusual, different, and/or out of the social norm.In schools across the United States there is some sort of labeling among the student body, whether it be skin colour, gender, sports, or academics, there is always something that organize s students into different sections. In the movie Mean Girls, the lunch room provides an extreme example of labeling and the cliques that are created through labeling. All the students are divided into different sects depending on their status popular girls, a. k. a. Plastics sat together at one table while jocks sat together at a different table.Their own unaffiliated label had an affect on their peers because their label gave certain students power over others while in reality all people are conjectural to be equals. The persisters would decide. is a popular phrase used in Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adlers article on Peer Pressure ( 1998. Pg. 156). The person labeled the attracter has some sort of intangible power over other students, and it is preposterous to think that all of their power is based cancelled a word, attracter.Many labels carry meaning that runs deeper than the eye can see. At face value a corporal is just a word used to describe one of the first ranks of an army solider, but that label has depth. Being a corporal could mean constant order taking and back-breaking work. Having a certain label affects everybody not just a persons immediate friends. A virile label commands respect and these people are treated with privileges and other special perks because of their label. Many labels come with their own with their own home-grown stereotypes.If a person is labeled a doctor this could mean that they earn a quarter million dollars a year, drive a Mercedes-Benz, and go golfing three times a week. Many labels come with their own with their own home-grown stereotypes. Along with perks and privileges labels also have imbedded consequences. In the 1997 article Decent into Madness by Mark Colvin, it is clearly expressed how certain labels could look at to imitate death. Colvin explained that a coercive tactic was used to intimidate an inmate by threatening to hang a snitch jacket on him. This tactic which involved the threat of labeling an inma te a snitch (or informant) was used to solicit information, and gain control over an inmate. (1997. Pg. 197). The label of a snitch is an inmates worst nightmare because the consequences and after-math of this label could lead to lack of trust with their fellow gang members, and if the leader of a gang found out an inmate actually snitched, the man labeled the leader is powerful enough to put a hit on that inmate. The label of snitch is so powerful that it can ruin the life of an inmate even if the accusation is false.Although labels usually carry any where from a lowly al the way up to extraordinary negative connotations, they are a crucial part of society. Labels organize people into certain levels of society. People use labels as the first way to asses a person. When a business man walks into a pub and sees a scantily-clad dressed woman next to a women in a business skirt and blouse, that man will nearly always label the half-dressed women as a slut or horrific while he might label the other as to a greater extent conservative. People use labels as their first line of defense in a situation when they feel something is not quite right.If a person sees a shady fellow on the corner of the street, that person might automatically label that man as a trouble-maker which in deform leads that person to walk away from the fellow on the corner. How a person dresses and holds themselves on the street, in a pub, or at a trouble interview could lead to the immediate labeling of themselves. This happens because humans label based on their own personality and upbringing it is an ideology, a non-tangible belief that certain people are going to be labeled a certain way.People are subjected by labels, and this relates directly to powerful labels such as president, leader, boss, captain, and so on When there is a person who is labeled high on a hierarchy system, people will automatically listen and follow that person. both(prenominal) might call this a power struggle w hile most will continue to follow in that leaders footsteps. Many people believe that if a person is labeled significantly high it is because they are doing something that is working, and many people will be the follower, not the leader.This is known as the path of least resistance the ability just to follow a person labeled well above the rest is easier than striving to become the best. That label effects lower ranking members because being a leader carries the characteristic enticing followers. Labeling could be the closest human beings come to before physically marking people into certain levels. Labeling is a way to organize humans, just as a library organizes books. While some labels could alter on a persons life and social class, labels usually carry a negative connotation.The three articles mentioning labeling as an important part of culture all share a similar opinion that labels are negative. Mark Colvin and the Decent into Madness article clearly state how labels could le ad to inner group violence among gangs followed by a larger much devastating super nova. Gang Business by Martin Sanchez Jankowski expresses how a hierarchy system organizes illegal crime by placing pawns into certain levels, each containing their own sets of rules and responsibilities. Labeling in its most exposed form can be witnessed in schools.The Peer Power article written by Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler states legion(predicate) times that people who are labeled leaders have power over others standing at a lower position. Labels are powerful because of the depth that many labels achieve. High-ranking important labels carry large responsibilities and actions that must be followed through by that title holder, because just as affectionate as a label is given it can be taken away and that person who was once powerful is now just a low ranking pusher.

Policy Suggestions for Reopening Dual Language Essay

This empirical question will be presented to the Ministry of in administration in chinaw atomic number 18 for the purpose of reputationing the initiative of reopening Chinese and position duple quarrel kindergarten enlightens.            In 2004, the Ministry of tuition in chinaw be had forbidden the unconscious surgical procedure and system of multilinguistic and side of meat kindergarten schools. face could only be integrated in songs, plays, and activities nevertheless it could non be taught in the Chinese and position multilingualistist format and use as a middling of instruction. Kindergarten schools be non also allowed to have any(prenominal) external t all(prenominal)ers. All kindergarten larners must be a natural born Chinese citizen.            In the same year, the spokesman of the Ministry of pedagogics cited three reasons for implementing this procreat ional policy. First, they feel that at the preschool st period children should master their uncomplicated spoken lyric. Second, they are so concern with the quality of give lessonsing as they open discover that most unknown teachers who worked as English teachers in kindergarten schools do not bear sufficient familiarity on proterozoic puerility preparation.These teachers are only hired because they are ingrained English speakers. Third, although chinawareese students officially begin go proscribeding English on the third grade, they do not lag behind their counterpart in other Asiatic countries. However, on that point is not full research to prove the appointed exertion of disposening the double quarrel kindergarten. The research cited by the Ministry of Education to endure their policy is discussed in the review of literature.Review of Related Literature empathisek Supporting the Policy            The research u sed by the Ministry of Education of greatland China as a basis in supporting its policy was conducted in 2001 by Dr. Chuang Shiang Chuan and     Dr. Chaing Jen Ru. These professionals were invited to conduct a study on the possibility of integrate English in the kindergarten curriculum and hiring foreign teachers to teach in the kindergarten direct. In this research, Dr. Chuang Shiang Chuan pointed out that linguistic process submiting for children requires the use of both the expressive and view abilities. If the medium of instruction is strictly in English al star, the content of discourse between the teacher and the students would be very limited. She also indicated that preschool children fail to accurately pronounce and comprehend a foreign delivery in equality to the adult learners.Further more, she also verbalize that teaching a foreign talking to could interfere in the learning of the mother tongue. In terms of hiring foreign teachers, Cheung (20 01) felt that foreigners who are working as kindergarten English teachers do not demand the required skills and knowledge on earlier childhood studyal activity. Their knowledge is only limited to the teaching of the English language. In addition, hiring of foreign teachers would resolution in the decrease of job opportunities for students who know completed their information degrees from the teacher preparation institutions.However, the findings of       Dr. Cheung may not be objective and conflict of kindle is evident as a leave al 1 of her employment in whiz of the untimely childhood teacher preparation institutions. Besides, in the policy argumentation published by the Ministry of Education to the state-supported on October 10, 2004, it was express that the research was based on the neuroscience, linguistics and English education findings which indicated that learning English at an early age does not guarantee that children will learn ameli orate.The Ministry of Education also argued that teenagers learn a foreign language more efficiently than preschool children due to their more mature cognitive nurture. It is also stated that imposing the No Chinese kindergarten education would result in conference difficulty, emotional disturbance, conflict of values and problems in refining identicalness which could alter the development of Chinese language learning. Furthermore, the language barrier would limit the snorkel breather and dept of childrens learning.            Lu & Chen (2003) who are researchers in chinaware also supported the previous findings and argued that it is inappropriate for preschool children to learn a foreign language and culture at an early age. They believed that China would be the strongest commonwealth in terms of sparing stability and the Chinese language would be the next universal language.Hence, parents should not be anxious to defend thei r children learn English at a young age. They further stated that there is no detailed period in learning a secondly language so it is not necessary to start learning at preschool age. The researchers also believed that having a good command of the native language is the infantry for learning a second language. The absence of an Ameri back tooth or British accent is not an important matter to consider in learning the English language. at that placefore, it is unnecessary to study English at an early age to avoid speaking with a foreign accent.            Besides the deuce researchers and bingle judicature statement above, the book My Child Cant spill the beans Chinese (Cheung, 2004) is also frequently cited by large number who are against utilize English as the only medium of instruction in the kindergarten education. In this book, Cheung depicted her daughter who tends to combine the English and Chinese syntaxes when speaking Chi nese after attending an English only kindergarten school.In the book, the arguments to ban the English only teaching in kindergarten school is understandable considering that children in chinaware speak Chinese at home and kindergarten is the first education that they have letd outside their homes. The use of English as the only medium of instruction in their first school may give the children the do by impression that English is the formal school language. They may also approximate that their Chinese language is less important. These thoughts could possibly lead to the confusion of culture identity and negatively affect the learning of the Chinese language.            As an multinational student who had studied in various classes with native English instructors and have worked as the sole foreign teacher in an American school, I understand the anxiety that a child may feel in an English only surroundings based on my personal experie nce.            arm with a first hand experience in obtaining an education in an English only school under instructors who are native speakers of the English language and with an experience of being a foreign teacher in an international school, I can strongly understand and clearly see the point in the policy made in not allowing the operation of the English only kindergarten schools.However, in as much as I could empathized with the policy makers, I also felt the inadequacy of the study that was conducted in the beginning arriving at a recommendation to close and prohibit the existence of duple language kindergarten schools. There are galore(postnominal) threefold language kindergartens in the United States and I have taught in an English-Chinese treble lingual macrocosm school in New York, P.S. 184M, Shuang wen School. This is the first two-fold lingual and bicultural public master(a) school in the east coast. Children at Shuang Wen have regular English classes as other public school students and start learning Chinese from the kindergarten level and continue studying until the sixth grade.            In the Shuang Wens website, there is a report cited that almost 100% of their students exceeded the required grade level standards of the New York State interrogative sentence for Math and English. With Shuang Wens success, one could only ponder as to why American students are allowed to enroll in an English and Chinese bilingual program since kindergarten while the Formosan students in Taiwan have to be deprived of this opportunity. I went through literature reviews by curious and reviewing dual language related literatures on databases of ERIC, ProQuest, Education Full Text, digital Dissertations taken from the teachers College as well as the TC Catalog (EDUCAT). The abbreviation of my findings are written below.Research on Dual Lingual Education  &n bsp         The dual lingual education literature reviewed is presented here in the pursual sections bilingual education has no vituperate, the benefits of bilingual education, the scoop bilingual education-dual language program, and the current situation of dual language programs. multilingual Education Has No Harm            Contrary to the findings of the researchers in Taiwan, Norbert (2005), Schambach (2006), Garcia (2006), and Pearson (2007) claimed that bilingual education has no harm to children at all. All the misconceptions were bias. For instance, Cheungs (2003) worry concerning her daughters have usage of English and Chinese is actually unnecessary. The combined usage of language was part of a learning process that children want to experiment in order to mark off which of these cardinal languages the listeners strongest language is. This method acting would also enable the children to commu nicate effectively with their listener (Garcia, 2007). Moreover, the capability of sack between two languages could increase childrens cognitive flexibility (Steward, 2004).In terms of the concerns about the lost of identity and delay in the development of the childrens first language, it was observed that bilingual children do not have any identity issues because in the bilingual education, childrens culture are respected and recognized (Farmer, 1998 & Schambach, 2006). Some children may develop two identities since they are educated in using two languages and two cultures exactly this assistants children to be more adaptable to the global world and prepare them better to be global citizens.Moreover, Schambach pointed out an example of an identity issue whereby an immigrant child, who emigrated from one country to another, felt totally lost when not being authoritative in the new country and treated as a foreigner upon return to the country of origin for a short visit. This situation can happen to minute children if the judicature is not open to the education that the parents post for their children in Taiwan.About 77% of parents in Taiwan hope that the organization would allow the integration of English in the kindergarten curriculum (Wu & Cheng, 2002). The main reason for the immigration to the United States of Taiwanese families is to provide better education for their children. If Taiwanese organisation fails to meet parents expectations, there is a strong possibility that Taiwanese family immigration would lead to a problem on the identity issue for the next generation.The Benefits of Bilingual Education     After clarifying that bilingual education creates no harm to children, many a(prenominal) researchers pointed out that bilingual education can enhance the development of childrens cognitive and social skills (Chan, 2003 Garcia, 2007 Norbert, 2005 Steward, 2004 Thomas, 2003). Chan (2003) compared 31 bilingual preschoole rs and 29 monolingual preschoolers operation on 3 cognitive tasks and 4 theory-of-mind tasks. The results showed that the advantage of the bilingual learners in the theory-of-mind development hinges mostly in their cognitive development e.g., inhibitory control, reasoning and metalinguistic awareness. Garcia (2007) quoted the research of Peal and cubic decimeters work with French and English bilinguals and English monolinguals and showed that the intellectual experience of acquiring two languages contributed advantageously to mental flexibility, superior concept formation and a generally diversified set of mental abilities.She also cited Padillas reasoning that bilinguals are cognitively advanced because they are able to process training provided in one language and produce allied information in another language. Padilla used Keats and Keats report of a study as an example which German-English bilinguals, who did not demonstrate the ability to conserve weight in a Piagetian task , were trained to conserve in one of the two languages. Results from English and German post tests indicated that the concept was acquired in both languages. This suggests the authorizedistic increased in the flexibility of bilinguals during conceptual acquisition. Steward (2004) cited the finding of Willig who pointed out that students in the bilingual programs scored either the same or higher on the achievement tests in both languages in comparison with children in monolingual education.Steward also agreed with Cummings, Hakuta and Golds opinion that the bilingual program has increased childrens cognitive flexibility. Thomas (2003) further stated that the cognitive stimulus from the bilingual program led to enhanced creativity and analytical thinking. He also presented the result taken from Houston in 2002 that native English speakers, who had been in the two way dual-language programs for four years, scored between 63rd and seventieth percentiles in total teaching win in the Stanford 9 whereas the scores of students in the monolingual English program hovered around the 50th percentile.This is a remarkable finding that could be used to infer that if Taiwanese children, who are native Chinese speakers, are educated in a bilingual program since preschool their intellectual capability might surpass students in a Chinese only program after four years. After reading all the benefits that bilingual education can bring to students, I continue to research for the definition of bilingual education and its best practice.The Best Bilingual Education Dual Language Education            Barrera (2004) defines bilingual education as using two languages to learn. Schambach (2006) said a bilingual person subject matter he can use two languages freely in any given situation. In terms of the best practice for bilingual education, Garcia (2007) pointed out that in teaching two languages, it would be best to separate them prefer ably of combining them together. For example, at home each parent should speak a incompatible language to the child and at school, different teachers should speak different languages.Children tend to learn the language in order to communicate. Norbert (2005) further reinforced the importance of separating two languages when teaching. Scofield (2007) specifically talked about the importance of a relaxed environs that is enriched with comprehensible language as well as the usage of gestures, mime, and real objects to illustrate speech and to provide in arrogate.He also suggested singing songs and rhymes and having meeting activities to create a conducive purlieu for the learners. In terms of age allocation for teaching each language, Steward (2004) cited Willigs research result which showed that students in the alternate entering program, wherein the day is divided into two halves each entirely in one language, have the best consummation in the tests of both languages. This kin d of program is also called dual language program. menstruum Situation of Dual Language Education            According to Barrera (2004), there are more than 270 dual language programs in the U.S. and the interest in these programs keeps ontogenesis as fast as the waiting lists. In Barreras research, she cogitate that the most successful dual language program resulted when students learn one language in the morning and another one in the afternoon. There must also be a continuing non-repetitive lesson in the morning. In the succeeding morning, students must proceed to the next lesson in the other language.The important characteristics of a good dual language program as suggested by Barrera includes a minimum of six years instruction a centering on the core academic curriculum high quality language arts instruction in both languages integration of the languages into the instructional thematic units separations of the two languages for in struction with no translation and no repeated lessons in the other language use of each language in 50 percent of the instructional time an addictive e.g. adding a new language at no cost to students first language bilingual environment that has the full support of school administrators, teachers and parents and an active parent-school partnerships.            However, regardless of all the benefits of dual lingual education as shown in the research, some politicians in atomic number 20 still think that English should be the one and only henpecked language in United States. Hence, they brought up Proposition 227 to replace the bilingual and dual lingual education to total immersion method to help immigrant children learn English as fast as possible. Nevertheless, many researchers discovered that bilingual education has helped children learn English faster than the total immersion method (Krashen, 2005 Manyak, 2006 Monzo, 2005 Olson, 2007) . Bilingual education has likewise helped students build more positive self identity by providing a sheltered learning environment (Monzo).Recommendation            After learning from the studies conducted by some researchers, the Taiwanese government must reexamine their educational policy that resulted in the total ban of bilingual kindergarten education in Taiwan. I recommend that the Taiwanese government conduct an empirical study on the possible do of dual language kindergarten education in Taiwan and recruit volunteer participants to determine if the Chinese and English bilingual kindergarten education should be reopened as an educational excerption for Taiwanese children.            I would also like to suggest a research design which includes the preparation of the curriculum, teachers preparation, students selections and students evaluation.Curriculum      &nb sp     Prior to conducting a research, the Education Ministry of Taiwan must initially design a Chinese and English dual lingual curriculum for kindergarten pupils. The easiest and most efficient way is to translate the current kindergarten curriculum into English. In this method, the traditional Taiwanese values are neither changed nor altered and the English language was only used as a medium of instruction. This consistent and continuing curriculum, which is part of the current dual language program, has been proven to be the most beneficial way for students learning.Teacher Preparation            Secondly, the government must prepare all the teachers who will be involved in teaching the dual language program. The selection of teachers who would teach the Chinese curriculum is not as difficult as selecting teachers who could teach the English curriculum. For the Chinese curriculum, experienced teachers can be selected am ong a gyre of kindergarten teachers. Since the current law forbids the hiring of non-Taiwanese citizens, it would not be easy to immediately hire English instructors. There may be few Taiwanese commonwealth who could teach using the English fluently, have a hale primer in early childhood education and fully understand the Taiwanese culture.Since learning the language while keeping the Taiwanese cultural solid ground are two major purposes of the dual language program, I would suggest to the Ministry of Education in Taiwan to hire Taiwanese Americans or Taiwanese people who have studied abroad for a long enough period of time and have attained a good level of English fluency. The qualification to become a kindergarten teacher in Taiwan should not be based on the nationality but on the teachers English capability and understanding of Taiwanese culture.With regards to having a solid knowledge on the circumstance of kindergarten education, I believe that teachers can be prepared w ithin few months of extensive workshops as I became a basal teacher at an award winning independent primary school in Connecticut after a week of intensifier training and continuing professional development throughout the school year. In my job, I performed well as a foreign teacher. Through experience, I personally felt that it is possible to prepare any teacher for the background knowledge. Further research on this issue could be conducted to be cognizant that only the most qualified teachers are selected for the program.Students Selection and Follow-Up design            Participating pupils should be voluntary and the opportunity to be a participant should be well broadcasted to all the parents who have children who are about to be enrolled in kindergarten schools. Students should be chosen from families of a mixed social sparing status to represent the common student population in public kindergarten schools. Plans must be underta ken for students who are currently attending kindergarten so a continuing dual lingual elementary education can be achieved until the fifth grade as suggested by Garcia. Garcia discovered that the positive effects of dual language education will be manifested after 6 years of continuous education.The greatest challenge here is that all dual lingual elementary schools in Taiwan are private schools and thusly the tuition fees are not affordable by every family. For this problem, the government could either give vouchers or subsidize the tuition fees of the children who have accompanied the dual lingual kindergarten so they could study in private dual lingual elementary schools. In addition, the government can also put an effort to open a public dual language elementary school in each grade level to accommodate the education needs of these students. info Analysis            Students cognitive development and academic performance will be asse ssed through standardized testing and observation from teachers and parents. Data analysis will focus on the findings to determine if advance cognitive development and better academic performance were achieved by students who were given the dual language program in comparison with the dual language students performance in the United States and Canada as studied by Barrera (2004) and Chan (2004). To avoid overstressing students, the test will be carefully designed and will be taken semi-annually. Likewise, students progress will be recorded for six years.Conclusions            Education is the best investment for the future of a country. With the influx of globalization and stiff economic and business competition, it is time for people of Taiwan to be armed with an education that could be comparable not only to their neighboring Asian countries but also to the western countries as well.            The progress of the country highly depends on its young citizens and the best way for the young citizens to be competitive is by providing them with an educational tool that will enable them to communicate with other people across the globe. English has been considered as the universal language in many parts of the world.There are no negative effects in learning a foreign language as shown in many research studies. Hence, it is time for the government of Taiwan, specifically the Ministry of Education, to study their policies and reconsider the option of reopening bilingual kindergarten schools in Taiwan. If the government intends to be the educational leader in Asia, it is time to open their doors to accept the teaching of English in preschool level.ReferencesBarrera, R., et. al. (2004). Profiles in culture. Scholastic Early Childhood Today, 19(3), 46-48.Chan, K. T. (2004). Chinese English bilinguals theory-of-mind development. University of Toronto, Toronto.Cheung, S. C. C., Jen R u (2002). The possibility of having english education and hiring foreign teachers in kindergartens in Taiwan. Ministry of Education, Taiwan. (T. Ministry of Education o. Document Number)Chuan, C. S. (2003). My child cant speak Chinese. capital of Taiwan New Parents.Farmer, M. (1998). Creating Montessori bilingual programs. Montessori Life, 10(2), 22-25.Garcia, E. E. (2007). Bilingual development and the education of bilingual children during early childhood. American Journal of Education, 95(1), 96-121.Krashen, S. (2005). Skyrocketing scores An urban legend. Educational Leadership, 62(4), 37-39.Lu, H.-J. C., Tai-an. (2003). An evaluation on early childhood english education in taiwan-from the perspective of language policy. Transworld Institute of Technology, Taiwan.Manyak, P. C. (2006). Fostering biliteracy in a monolingual milieu Reflections on two counter-hegemonic English immersion classes. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 6(3), 241-266.Ministry of Education, Taiwan (2004). Educational policy of preschool English education.Monzo, L. D. (2005). Latino parents choice for bilingual education in an urban California school language politics in the aftermath of mesmerism 227. Bilingual Research Journal, 29(2), 365-386.Norbert, F. (2005). Research findings on early first language attrition implication for the discussion on critical periods in language acquisition. Language Learning, 55(3), 491-531.Pajares, F. (2007). Elements of a proposal. Available from the author.Pearson, B. Z. (2007). Social factors in childhood bilingualism in the United States. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(3).Schambach, J. (2006). Childhood bilingualism problems and possibilities. Kansas.Schofield, A. (2007). An investigation into the practices of a class of field-based student educators working in linguistically diverse early childhood centres. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 32(2), 23-27.Stewart, M. R. (2004). Phonological awareness and bilingual preschoolers should we teach it and, if so, how? Early Childhood Education Journal 32(1), 31-37.Thomas, W. P. C., V. P. (2003). The multiple benefits of dual language dual-language programs educate both English learners and native English speakers without incur extra costs. Educational Leadership, 61(2), 61-64.Torrez, N. M. (2001). Incoherent English immersion and California proposition 227. The Urban Review, 33(3), 207-20.Wu, S. F. C., Jen Ru. (2002). Examine preschool English education from the perspective of critical study period. Human Education Journal, 158.

Fiction Vs. Reality: A comparison of themes in “Tartuffe” and “Candide” Essay

When reading a work of fiction, i has to be awake of different writing styles that will clue you into the information that the author wants one to pick up on. In the works, Molieres Tartuffe and Voltaires Candide the foots of appearance vs. kittydor rear end be found. I will be discussing this theme which is two obvious and subtle depending on the author. I will be discussing the theme of appearance vs. earthly concern. In Tartuffe, the character Tartuffe is touted as a holy vehement earthly concern that is supposed to be pious. Tartuffe is actually a master con-artist who gains approach into the household of Orgon by portraying himself as a holy man.throughout the play Tartuffe first gains permission to marry Orgons daughter Marianne, and so he proceeds to try and seduce her mother and Orgons married woman Elmire. This is one of the most obvious scenes in which one puke mind Tartuffes facade being challenged. Elmire Your declaration is most gallant, Sir, But fall apar tt you think its out of character? Youd energize take one better to restrain your passion and think before you verbalise in such a fashion. It ill becomes a pious man like you Tartuffe I may be pious, notwithstanding I am human too With your celestial charms before his eyes, a man has non the power to be wise.I know such words straits strangely coming from me, but Im no angel, nor was meant to be (Moliere Act III Sc IV). Tartuffe is trying to gain the affection of Elmire patronage the fact that he is betrothed to Marianne. He makes another pass at Elmire again in Act Four. In this scene, Tartuffe is trying to convince Elmire that they can have an affair. Tartuffe uses language and logic that betray that he is not in fact pious at all. Elmire But how can I try for with your offense to heaven, toward which you feel such reverence? Tartuffe If heaven is all that holds you back, dont worry. I can remove that hindrance in a hurry.Nothing of that sort need obstruct our path Tartuf fe If youre noneffervescent troubled, think of things this way No one shall know our joys, save us alone, and thithers no evil till the act is cognize its scandal, Madam, which makes it an offence and its no sin to sin in self-reliance (Moliere Act IV Sc VII). This scene truly un-masks Tartuffe as the dark prude he is. In Voltaires novel, Candide, there are umteen examples of appearance vs. reality. The novel begins by describing different philosophic arguments. Candides philosophical stance is one that states that everything is the best of all possible worlds.It can be demonstrated, that things could not be other than they are for everything has been made to serve a purpose, and so nothing is susceptible to improvement (Voltaire 2). This ideology is one that can be inherently deceiving. When Candide and his companions arrive in Lisbon, there is a massive earthquake that kills many people and creates a great deal of damage. Candide and Pangloss set about to help the people injured during the earthquake, during which Pangloss attempt to tell someone that the earthquake was for the best, but he ends up being taken by the chaseFor, all this is for the best for, if there is a volcano at Lisbon, it cannot be anywhere else for it is impossible that things should not be where they are for all is well. A little, dark man, a familiar of the Inquisition, who sat beside him, politely took up the conversation, and verbalize Apparently, you do not believe in original sin for, if everything is for the best, there was neither fall nor punishment. Your Excellency will pardon me, said Pangloss free-will can exist with absolute necessity for it was necessary that we should be free for in short, limited will (Voltaire 120). After this scene, Pangloss is to be hanged. This devastates Candide who travels on without him. Much afterward in the novel, Pangloss re-appears on a slave ship, where Candide is able to purchase his freedom. Candide believed Pangloss to be de ad, but he was really alive, suffering in the slave ships galley the whole time. This type of situation happens many other times in Candide. When Candide and Cacambo decide to fight on the side of the Paraguayan Jesuits, Candide thinks he killed the familiar of Cunegonde when they encountered each other.It turns out that Candide just wounded the Baron who was as well on the slave ship with Pangloss. The use of reality vs. a fake reality makes a story more interesting and gives it more dimensions. These realities are also subjective realities. In Tartuffes case, Dorine and Damis both saw through the monks false piety and tried to un-mask him. In Candide the reality exists, but Candide may not have been aware of the actual reality. Bibliography Voltaire. Candide and Related Texts. capital of Indiana Hackett Publishing Company Inc, 2000. Moliere. Tartuffe and other plays. New York Penguin Group Inc, 1967.

Political Awareness Essay

Social media deform an important medium of talk in the modern time in which it is provide powerful channels of information between diplomaticalian and citizens. anyway that, the sociable media act as pro officious devices for encouraging the citizen to participate in democratic process. The social media an important medium of information have yield pecks thought and action approximately politics and promote people to give opinions, critics and suggestions as well as participate in politics. in that locationfore, the social media is one of the primary mechanism in the policy-making mental picture and capable of making semipolitical issues. However, it gives a negative aspects on political issues in which people may give wrong information and it alike enjoys a positive function by spreading information crosswise society quickly and enjoys freedom of speech.The development of new technology encourages juvenility to engage in politics. Youth today most likely to employ the social media like Facebook, twitter, blog and you tube as medium of communication to interact with others. For example, blogs play an important design in political communication and in forming the opinions of political actors and politically interested put onrs. Their ability to facilitate active fundamental interaction, present opinions, mobilize voters, as well as influence human beings opinion and eventually election outcomes makes political blogs an interesting.Online social networks provide us with convenient platform for such analysis. The data from many social networks is publicly available. Furthermore, social media has emerged as a significant platform for discussion and ventilation of political information. For example, Pew surveys (Smith, 2011) found that 22% of adult Internet users participated in political campaigns through at least one of the major social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Myspace during the 2010 U.S. elections. However, people would not u se social media regularly for interaction that lead to political action. People usually discuss about politic in social media only time of election in which political parties, political activists and organizations promote, persuade and wishing to outgrowth participation by citizen.There is an analysis of social media usage for political purposes by young people during the United Kingdom general election in 2005. It emphasized that the section of social media for reinforcing existing democratic awareness rather than as an option mode of political socialization. Interestingly, the percentages of the youth are much likely use social media in accessing political information for news and information about parties as well as candidates than older users. Thus, the social media plays an important role as strategies by political parties to target young voters are a valuable approach in attracting disaffected citizens. However, it also indicates that political engagement by young peop le may show signs of becoming subvert to the new social media where mobilization and activism may be more increase if they are social media users.

Effect of Exercise on Cardia Output Essay

Predictions1. During engagement HR impart summation. 2. During recitation SV will decrease. 3. During exercise CO will ontogeny.Materials and Methods1. Dependent Variable EDV, ESV, and cardiac motorcycle space 2. Independent Variable level of physical activity(resting or exercise) 3. Controlled Variables age, weight, line of longitude 4. What instrument was apply to measure cardiac volumes? MRI 5. Does the instrument used to measure cardiac volume use X-Rays? Explain. noResults Table 2 Resting and Exercising cardiac Cycle Length, EDV, and ESV Resting value Exercising Values Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) cycle length cycle length (msec) (msec) 856 145 72 431 139 34 809 136 66 457 141 38 828 135 72 414 140 35 139 70 140 36 beat 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 AveragesResting and Exercising HR, EDV andESV1. Resting and exercise cardiac cycle length -a. What was the average resting cardiac cycle length? 831 b. What was the average practice session cardiac cycle le ngth? 434 c. The concatenation of shape resting cardiac cycle length is between 818 and 858 ms. Did average cardiac cycle length improver, decrease, or not potpourri with exercise? Decrease2. Resting and exercising EDV -a. What was the average resting EDV? 139 b. What was the average exercising EDV? 140 c. The domain of normal resting EDVis between 135 and 145 ml for these subjects. Did average EDV increase, decrease, or not interpolate with exercise? not change3. Resting and exercising ESV -a. What was the average resting ESV? 70 b. What was the average exercising ESV? 36 c. The range of normal resting ESV is between 65 and 75 for these subjects. Did average ESV increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? decreaseTable 3 Resting and Exercising HR, SV and COHR (strokes per second) 70 74 72 72 Resting Values SV (mL) SV (L) 73 70 63 0.073 0.07 0.063 0.069 CO 5.1 5.2 4.5 4.9 HR (strokes per second) 139 131 145 138 Exercising Values SV (mL) SV (L) 105 103 105 0.105 0.103 0.10 5 0.104 CO 14.6 13.5 15.2 14Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 AveragesResting and Exercising SV and CO4. Resting and exercising HR a. What was the average resting HR? 72 b. What was the average exercising HR? 138 c. The range of normal resting HR is between 70 and 73 beats per spot for these subjects. Did average HR increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? increase5. Resting and exercising SV -a. What was the average resting SV? 69 b. What was the average exercising SV? 104 c. The range of normal resting SV is between 60 and 80 ml for these subjects. Did average SV increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? Increase6. Resting and exercising CO a. What was the average resting CO? 4.9 b. What was the average exercising CO? 14 c. The range of normal resting CO is between 4.2 L per minute and 5.84 L for these subjects. Did average CO increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? increaseDiscussion1. What caused the change in HR with exercise? Muscles use much type O and  glucose from the profligate with increase movement. This produces wastes that decrease blood pH below the normal range cause an increase in core rate. The heart rate increase delivers blood to the lungs and kidneys more quickly so these organs can remove the wastes from the body. The fast-breaking the muscles use energy and create waste, the faster the heart must gist blood.2. Discuss the effect of venous return and heart rate on exercise EDV. Exercise increases venous return by forcing your body to tally and enlarge blood vessels. In addition to circulatory improvements, exercise helps muscles and tissues vex conditioned to allow them to overcome the stresses of working out. During exercise, the body demands additional atomic number 8 and requires removal of extra carbon dioxide increasing the heart rate. EDV is increased with exercise 3. What caused the change in ESV volume with exercise? ESV decreases with exercising so that in that respect is less resistance for th e blood to flow to increase cardiac output. 4. wherefore did SV change with exercise? SV increase during exercise because an individuals body needs more oxygen and nourishment that are both received from the pumping of blood.The level of increase of SV is also depends on the type of exercise 5. Discuss the importance of the change in CO with exercise? When the body is in rest cardiac output is lower as the demand in oxygen is low. During exercise heart rate and stroke volume increase which results in an increase in cardiac output 6. Restate your predictions that were correct and give data from your experiment that support them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, enceinte supporting data from your experiment that supports your corrections. My prediction were correctApplication1. We heedful the stroke volume of the left ventricle. What was the average stroke volume of the aright ventricle at rest and after exercise? 69 resting 104 exercising 2. Assum e that for one beat, the stroke volume of the left ventricle is greater than that of the right ventricle. Explain why in a normal heart this would be corrected on the next beat. blood would be transferred from your general circulation into you pulmonary circulation.Pressures throughout your pulmonary circulation would begin increasing. As soon as small amount of blood is transferred from the systemic to pulmonary circulation, the pressure in the pulmonary veins and left atrium increases a little. This increases the filling of the left ventricle, and the resulting increase in its end-diastolic volume increases the stroke volume, correcting the problem 3. Explain why elite athletes contribute a lower than normal heart rate, yet have a high than normal ability to increase cardiac output. An athlete has a larger stroke volume, which means a greater volume of oxygen is delivered to the body per heartbeat.They usually have larger heart that results in higher cardiac output, as more blood is pumped out with each(prenominal) beat. The raised cardiac output allows the heart to beat more slowly

Economic Recession in Ireland 2007-2012

Irelands big(p) Recession. The Irish Economy, 2007-2012. The title of this essay, Irelands great respite, put forwards to the Irish economy from 2007-2012. From my research into this essay, I found that the Irish economy of this close could be referred to as The Great Depression. There ar parallel similarities to the Irish economy now as experienced in America in the 1920s. This essay will examine what a receding is, why Ireland is in a recession, the effects and face of the recession, and my own individualised views on the crisis.Not a day goes by when you dont learn stories of doom and gloom in relation to Irelands economic tell apart of affairs. Everybody you talk to has some wizard belonging to them or knows someone who has had to emigrate. Australia has replaced America as the land of hope and dreams, as thousands flock our shores in search of a better life. Within the expanse recession has non tho g all overnment issueed in mass emigration. Internally people ar struggling to repay their mortgages because of the housing collapse. Wages incur been slue and taxes cook been ontogenyd. Disposable in come about for many a non-entity.Ireland was the first EU agricultural to decl ar itself officially in recession in August 2008. We are the second EU country to arrest a structural adjustment programme imposed by the IMF/ECB/EU, know as the Troika. The knock overaround of the Irish economy has been dramatic from one with the highest levels of gross domestic product and calling growth to among those with the highest unemployment, emigration and debt levels across the EU in the space of just a few short years. The recession has touched everybody, young and old. We are in a time where we give up to subjugate spending in order to meet our EU obligations.The pecuniary crisis that sparked the recession and collapse of our patoising system is the most serious problem that we face. The Calm forward the Storm- The Celtic tiger Years(1995-2 007) The Celtic Tiger was a term utilize to describe the boom years which our economy went through from around 1995-2007. UK economic expert Kevin Gardiner coined the term Celtic Tiger, comparing Irelands unexpected economic take-off to the Asian tiger economies. Many believe the foundations of the Celtic Tiger were laid in the 1990s in a Dublin pub cal direct Nesbitts.It was here that politicians, economists and cultured servants met to discuss future organization policies. It was agreed that the government of the day should cut taxes, lower delight rates, reduce import duties which would encourage international investment. It was subsequent referred to as the Doheny &038 Nesbitt School of Economics. Our generous corporation tax of 12. 5% enticed hostile investment into the country. The fact that Ireland was a member of the European Union since 1973 helped enormously. The EU pumped vast amounts of silver into infrastructure and grants especially in the sylvan sector.It me ant a single currency and free share within the EU. Ireland had an make economy where trade was promoted and thrived, especially in the area of exports. Ireland has a men that is highly educated and attracted provided investment especially from high-tech and pharmaceutic industries. As the economy strikeed to grow so did immigration into the country, as there was lots of work particularly in the body structure industry. There was a surge in quest for housing and as a result this triggered the housing boom. Banks were encouraging customers to borrow as there were low touch on rates. position prices began to rise and many people sought berth as a form of investment not just as a home. Property developers became millionaires over night as a result of the property boom. deal in Ireland began living lavish lifestyles and in a lot of cases had bemused the run of themselves. Collapse of the World Financial Market On the fifteenth of September, 2008 Lehman Brothers, one of Amer ica Largest Investment Banks in the USA, declared itself bankrupt. Major panic broke out on the inter-bank loan market as a result.As share prices make upd, many large and well established investment and moneymaking(prenominal) banks in the United States and Europe suffered huge losses and even approach bankruptcy, resulting in massive financial assistance. Ireland is a very lower-ranking tilt in a big pond. Ireland is an open economy and our banks, akin our businesses, trade with other banks. Irish Banks borrowed huge sums of money on credit from foreign banks. Our chief(prenominal) source of repayment was taxes through our construction industry. What resulted was a eye mask effect when one major bank fell the others in turn throughout America and the EU started to turn back. judicatures stepped in pumping billions into their banks to save them. The collapse of the conception financial markets triggered the recession but some countries suffered a lot worse than others. Ireland is one of those countries, because Ireland borrowed beyond their means but mainly to support the leverage of private property. Recessionary Times A recession is a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters (oxford Dictionary) GDP is made up of private consumption, government spending, investments and exports-imports.A recession is typically accompanied by a drop in the stock market, an increase in unemployment, and a decline in the housing market. It is also a term that people refer to when there is on-going hardships that people face in their daily lives. In recessionary times people have little disposable income and money is to a greater extent often spent on necessity items like food and clothing, whereas lavishness honourables are beyond reach for many. Banks The crash of our banking system was the biggest cause of our country going into recession. Our ban ks lent recklessly when times were good.Loans were given to people without consideration. sight within the banking system were paying(a) bonuses the more they lent. Most people seeking these loans did not meet international regulations. The banks misguided thousands of ordinary people by giving these loans for enormous amounts, knowing that they realistically could not afford repayments. During the Celtic Tiger period of growth, capital to finance Irelands boom was raise in the interbank market, typically on a three-month basis, but with repayment not expected until two or three years later.When Irish property cherishs went into decline and the freezing-up of the worlds interbank market in 2007, it was certain by the start of 2008 that the Irish banking system would have great difficulty in funding its day-to-day operations. This trading difficulty, and inadequate supervision by the regulatory body, led to a series of government interventions, starting with a Bank fasten in Se ptember 2008. It is nearly four years since the fateful night of September 29th/30th 2008 when the Irish government guaranteed the key financial liabilities of our biggest banks.That decisiveness has dominated national politics since then. For the economic and political consequences of that decision are immense. Since 2008, Irish taxpayers have invested 64. 1 billion into our banks. In do-gooder to that direct investment, we have also indirectly invested a further 6 billion through NAMA (National Account Management Agency). That was the estimate given by the Controller and Auditor General, in May this year. He reported that NAMA had paid Irish banks 32 billion for loans that were, in fact, worth simply 26 billion. In total then, we have already pumped 70. billion into our hurt banks. Thats the equivalent of 46,700 for every person working full-time. Its a second mortgage that we didnt want and can barely afford. And we mightnt be finished yet in terms of how much money we have to pump into the banks. As of December move, the balance sheets of the three main Irish banks (AIB, Bank of Ireland and Irish Life &038 Permanent) showed a book value of their loans of 218 billion. But the banks own aggregate estimate of the fair value of those loans was only 181 billion, some 37 billion below their balance sheet carrying value.That suggests further heavy loan losses to come. Construction Industry During the boom years, guide for housing increased. It increased as a result of many factors people growth, investments, tax breaks and low interest rates. As a result of this demand there was a rapid growth in housing and dramaturgy prices began to soar. The TSB/ESRI Index reveals that national prices increased at an average pace of or so 15% per annum between the years of 1997-2006, resulting in a cumulative increase of 240% over this period. (class notes) Ireland tried to grow its economy inward through construction.It did so but there was too much emphasis put on c onstruction. There was far too many people employed in the construction sector and there was an over reliance on construction industry alone to grow our economy. Around 330,000 jobs have been lost since employment peaked in 2007, with the construction industry accounting for more than half(a) of this total. (class notes) Inflation of Egos Whether you are a banker, builder or bus device driver it seemed that everyone had a second car and second home during the Celtic Tiger years.Having a little place in the sun seemed the norm. However wail storms have emerged since the recession. People were running up massive debts in a society gone mad. People were borrowing beyond their means with banks only too happy to oblige. While people must be responsible for the choices they make, perhaps the banks, the so called experts in finance should have been more responsible. Everybody jumped on the band wagon some builders built houses too quickly, cheaply and not following safety regulations. Priory Hall) Tradesmen were demanding and receiving vast sums of money for their work. According to Ronan Lyons an Economist in Oxford University, a recession becomes a depression when you have a fall in GDP by more than 10%. He has compared two job losses in the USA in the 1920s to that of Ireland now. The results are striking. As the graph below shows, Irelands situation closely resembles the Great Depression. (Lyons ,2012) Irish GDP has fallen recording a peak to stadium fall of 12. 4% (Class Notes) ConclusionAs I said earlier Ireland is a small fish in a big pond. The majority of people like to point the finger at the last government as I would, but not as strongly as others. Our last Government had a part to play. However there was a world-wide recession and we would have suffered economically as a result as every country has within the EU. I believe however that our last government could have done some of the following regulate the banks so they would not conduce recklessly , re invests elsewhere in the economy for growth when times were good.There was an over reliance on construction to feed the economy. They could have increased interest rates to bring down inflation therefore slowing the economy. The government could have closed Anglo Irish Bank- Anglo is mainly a commercial bank with little customers in Ireland. This would have saved Irish taxpayers in the voice of 30 billion euros. Our current government promised not to make the same mistakes of our previous government in their pre-election manifestos.They now tell us they are locked by the terms of the EU/IMF bailout. Can our government not re-negotiate a deal? Can they not tell Europe that further cuts cannot be put in place if we are to see growth in our economy in the long term? Germany only in the last couple of years repaid there debt after the Second World War. Ireland unconnected many of its European counterparts is meeting the terms of the agreement. We keep hearing how good a nation w e are and that we are a success story, and the measures that we are taking in reducing debt.We are receiving a pat on the back from our German friends, but is this a pat on the back, or a further shove into the quick sand that we are already standing in? Is it a sign of success that young Irish people are emigrating, that the dole queues are getting longer? It is a success that the people of Ireland will be in debt for years to come? Recently Enda Kenny was on the cover of Time magazine under the provide Celtic Comeback. Great people like Einstein have also graced the cover of this famous magazine. So too has BART SIMPSON

Belonging: Romulus My Father and Becoming Jane Related Text

Fundamental to perceptions of give outing is the recognition of its complex reputation encompassing twain belonging and its antithetical sentiment of isolation. This duality, manifested in the kinship amid an individual and the people and environment they are open to is preponderating in the increment of ones identity and therefore the definition of the institutions to which they may belong. The delicacy and labyrinthine nature of belonging is explored in Raimond Gaitas Romulus, My Father by dint of the contrasting characters of the bank clerk and his titular father in their get downs to assimilate to Australian cultivation and troupe. severalize, Julian Jarrolds biographical drama Becoming Jane illustrates the influences of baseball club on the development of an individuals character, and further, the will of individuals to twain altercate and conform to society in order to achieve a aesthesis of belonging. Through its inherent duality, the complex nonion of bel onging and isolation is delimit by an interaction between an individual and their surrounds. The contrasting notions of belonging and isolation are explored in Gaitas memoir through the conflicting experiences of the cashier and his alienated father.Illustrated through the harsh and influential environment he was exposed to in his youth, Romulus character, personality and morals were formed in unique circumstances, something that would posterior alienate him from other to a greater extent conventional societies. Culturally and socially disjunct in Australia, a landscape of rare beauty, to a European snapper seemed desolate leading to Romulus attempts to replicate European society in hobnailed Australia. The acknowledgment of this isolation by the narrator that my father could not give-up the ghost reconciled to it provides an understanding as to the difficulties Romulus past experiences had provided him with.Through the development of a esprit de corps code no individual, ev en himself could fulfil and expectations of others he realised were similarly high as shown through his forgiving attitude, Romulus character as his exchange moral concept was evidently flawed in judging others. Contrasting, Raimonds appreciative attitude towards Australia and lack of previous cultural influence allows his to cook his identity based purely on Australian ideals and values. Contrasting however, Romulus married woman Christine, raised in a similar environment to her husband, be keep an eye ons the narrators conception of isolation s her personality, identity and value systems are not adaptable to an Australian setting. Additionally, Romulus, My Father demonstrates the significance of consanguinitys to achieve a feel of belonging. The conformation of identity achieved through the filial bond between narrator and his father permits Raimond to gain insight into his heritage and therefore develop his identity whilst allowing Romulus to confirm his identity and reside in an aspect of society.Illustrated through the abandoning of his late innocence, adoption of his fathers responsibility and philosophical nature and growing comprehension of Romulus make out to belong, Raimonds experience at the time of his fathers mental deterioration is symbolical of his growing maturity and the significance of relationships in the attaining of identity. Further, through the use of premier person narration and the memoir text type, the narrator effectively reflects on the personal nature of belonging in which Romulus resides.Illustrated through the significance of Hora on this filial interdependence, Gaita reflects on the impact of secondary characters on relationships through the clamant middle ground between the strict moral expectations of Romulus and the youthful naivety of Raimond that Hora creates. Consequently examined through his rationale to Romulus dilemmas including that of the shaving blade, the example of Horas knowledge with Romulus acted as a significant influence in Raimonds development allowing him to embrace the cultural values of honesty, loyalty, courage and charity advocated by both men.However, despite similar experiences between the maternally neglectful and alienated Christine and Romulus, by the conclusion of the novel, the eulogy to Romulus by Raimond reflecting on his unhesitating acceptance, parking area humanity and furthermore the recognition of this by members of the society, portrays that Romulus was accepted in a manner suitable for a migrant in the contextual climate. Contrasting to Gaitas Romulus, My Father, Julian Jarrolds biographical drama Becoming Jane is bear on with an individuals ability to redefine themselves in order to belong to a variable society.Through the societal and cultural relationship between Jane Austen and her hoary English society, a sense of belonging is preceded by an extensive experience of isolation. Illustrated by her trustworthy discontent at the ideals portrayed by he r Georgian England society or marriage and suppression of individuality, Austens feministic, professional and clean modern and radical perceptions of love and sexual equality are federal agency by which she attempts to adapt to incorporate her desires.The acceptable notion that affection is desirable, bills is absolutely indispensable, reflected by traditional characters of society further enphisises the female line in society and the limited institutions to which they were permitted to belong. Accentuated through Lady Greshams enquiring as to if anything can be done about Austens literary ambitions, Janes isolation from a society, which fails to cater for her needs, is expressed through a reproach of her actions from traditionalist members of Georgian England.Further demonstration of the significance of societal influences on the concept of belonging occurs in the final scene of the film when, whilst dressed in pure white, Austen offers to read her novel to a crowd of young gi rls, hence, alluding to the cyclical nature of society in which constant development and compromising of culture is caused by a constant incorporation of individual desires into a set social construct. Furthermore, Becoming Jane illustrates the significance of relationships in developing and maintaining identity.Outlined by her original devotion to family, Janes discontent in society is a takings of her changing opinions, as experiences in the relationships to which she is exposed, create a feeling of angst and dissatisfaction indoors the character. As relationships around her diminish as conveyed through emotional writing scenes, Jane seeks comfort in relationships absent from her original moral formation correspond by her family and Lady Gresham.Illustrated through Janes new relationship with tom turkey Lefroy, Austen is able to confirm and strengthen her desire to adapt the society in which she lives. Lefroys characters, originally black costuming gradually becomes lighter as the responder recognizes his eventual encouragement for Austens desires. Foremost however, is Janes purpose to abandon love at the end of the film as knowledge to the restricting nature of her society. The good do not always come to good ends. It is a truth universally acknowledged. Jane Austen As her desirable relationship becomes impossible due to societal expectations and formalities, Jane rejects all subsequent offers for marriage, as her values, more like Romulus, are unchanged despite societies attempts to conform them. Through this, the interaction between relationships and socially accepted relationships is explored in a manner that both alienates and accepts. The complex notion of belonging and isolation is created through an interaction between society, culture and relationships.Through Gaitas memoir addressing the impact of society and culture on individuals and their attempts to identify themselves through relationships, Jarrolds contrasting film Becoming Jane addres ses the more radical concept of belonging where an individual attempts to conform a society to their own needs and desires as opposed to adjusting their own character to bet societal expectations. Through the contrasting notions and concepts of belonging, this multi-faceted notion is addressed through more varied perspectives reflected through relationship, cultural and societal significance to individuals in their respective(prenominal) societies.