Anti Death Penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Anti devastation Penalty - Research Paper ExampleAll states in fall in States of America have been grant freedom to choose whether to apply death penalty or not. In 1999, ninety-eight people were punish and about three thousand five hundred and sixty-five prisoners were on the death row in 2000. Death penalty is perceived differently by different members of the society. To some, capital punishment provides ultimate resultant to reduce or eradicate the vice while to others, it is brutal and a disgrace to a down society. To understand the magnitude of death penalty, it is important to know the views of both the opponents and proponents of death penalty as a punishment to capital offenders.First, supporters of death penalty argue that capital punishment is a sure style of eliminating clear up criminals and making the society safe. This is because when capital offenders are removed from the face of the earth through a judicial process, they are stopped from committing further wor st crimes. Worst criminals must be executed because they whitethorn commit the same worst crimes if released back to the society or escape from prisons walls. Furthermore, they may commit worst crimes in the prisons that host them. Therefore, terminating their existence through the judicial process is considered appropriate. Secondly, death penalty is considered retribution. The families and friends of victims of murder or rape may feel that justice has been delivered by executing the perpetrators that caused death or anguish to their love ones. The perpetrators deserve death because it is a punishment proportional to committed offenses. Thirdly, death penalty acts as a strong deterrent to potentially worst criminals. This is true especially where execution is carried regularly and immediately. In Britain and United States of America, the rate of worst crimes such as murders reduced significantly when the death penalty was in speciality and regularly

Ibsen, An Enemy of the People analytical Assignment

Ibsen, An Enemy of the People uninflected - Assignment Examplein the playas the author portrays the negative side of small town politics and warns against policy-making leaders who are solely rooted, having only a myopic visions for example Mayor Peter stockmann,when Dr Stockmann discovers the defilement in the Baths ,the Mayor instead doesnt want it publicized, he say that the repute must not contact the people as he is threatened that they might questioned his work,( it was his idea to lay the pipes where they are) and may cost him for his unlawful leadership, an assertion that portrays his political role of bad governance.Bad leadership portrayed by Peter Stockmann make him disrupt Dr Stockmanns meeting and sway people not to give him a chance to read his report about the dangers of the Baths, the Mayor is interested in maintaining his position, while people like Hovstad are supportive as they want to have the report for their own selfish gain.Corruption which is an element o f bad leadership is all the way outlined by the author in relation to Peter Stockmann political role in the play,as a political leader who is only interested in achieving his ambitions,Peter Stockmann ,want the medical officer of the Baths,Dr Stockmann to withdraw the report concerning the contaminant of the public utility,what is obviously amounting to corrupt deeds.he forces him to write another report from furtherinvestigation that will fall behind the matter not as dangerous as imagined.Peter Stockmann, depicted an element of misuse of causality when he refuses to implement,the report and the recommendations.Ibsen(1997) wrote that,Dr Stockmann is aware that Peter hates the idea of someone doing any service to the town besides for himself ( p. 21) further more Catherine stockmann also doesnt want bad blood between the brothers and suggested that the Doctor should swallow his prides and barrack that the Mayor was involved in the finding,she says couldnt drop a hint that it w as he who set you on the twist of this discovery( Inbsen ,1977,p.21) this was to silence

Brands Deal With Fluctuating Markets at Las Vegas Trade Shows Article

Brands Deal With Fluctuating Markets at Las Vegas Trade Shows - Article showcaseOne of the things that stand out from the article that is an indication that it will affect the overall fashion geld or the consumers behaviors is unemployment.2 According to the article, the unemployment rate dropped to 5.7% from 6.6%.3 It shows a strong indication that more people will contribute the money to spend on the apparel. As more people are employed and earn few cash, their spending also increases which is good for any business. The businesses will no longer rely on the entrepreneurs to corrupt the products as it will have an expanded consumer base including those who were not employed.In conclusion, consumers purchasing strength is critical for business because it make them trap their spending. Increasing trend of employment among the consumers is a good forecaster that sells of apparel will increase because many consumers have money to spend. Employment will also twist the consumer be haviors because they will be buying as per the

Dealing with Death and Dying Personal Statement - 1

dealing with Death and Dying - Personal Statement ExampleI felt satisfied with the condition of the tolerant and the family before the incident occurred. This was because both the patient and the family had accepted the imminent death of Betty. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (1969) in her book On Death and Dying has pointed that openly acknowledging the imminence of death and assisting the patient and family in addressing their issues of immediate concern would importantly improve the quality of the dying process.I had made efforts to ensure that rather than denying the situation the family could come unneurotic and support each other. I saw them expressing important emotional feelings for each other. I knew that this interaction was qualifying a long way in helping Betty to resolve unresolved issues. I felt that she was cosmos freed of emotional bondages so that the material process could take its course peacefully.What was bad about the experience was the mountain of a patient for wh om I had worked hard in tears. I was reassured when I found that the actor for Bettys sadness was a dream rather than negligence on my part. I know that the emotional unrest that goes on in a person who is dying is very intense. So I had taken every effort to address as many of these issues as possible and to be ready for all physical as well as emotional contingencies. When Betty shared with me about her dream I was a midget unprepared. Especially as my personal belief is that dreams are a reflection of reality and was not disposed(p) to accept that loved ones who have passed away could appear in dreams. However, as a nurse talent palliative care, I was aware that I needed to be sensitive to the beliefs of the patient.

Dystopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dystopia - Essay ExampleIn this urbanized society of chaos, fear is employ as a way of coercing the collective will of its citizenry. Some of these fears include globalization, fear of aliens (earthly and otherwise), fear of immigrants, and a fear of loss of cultural identity. Other elements that contribute to the dystopic state are widespread acts of violence at heart the working classes, and a dummy political sympathies that is utterly incapable of restoring any law and order. The escalating anarchy is think to the densely populated urban settings, the predominant of which is Los Angeles. The above mentioned characteristics of urban life in 2019 America whitethorn non have all elements of a dystopian state manifest in it. But, there is fair to middling chaos, anarchy, disorder and violence to classify this environment s a dystopian one.On the other hand, the dystopia interpret in the movie Brazil is not so much an anarchic one as it a totalitarian one. It has resonances with the George Orwells dystopia of 1984 an impotent bureaucracy, prompt action against dissenters and a highly commercialized culture where rattling(a) human values are of no positive consequence. To top this state of civil decay, the totalitarian government is also inhuman and inefficient. The flock feel hopeless and have no option other than rank themselves for the interests of the state. The constant surveillance of people keeps the whole society on an edge, making violent civil outbreaks a frequent occurrence. The violations against basic rights are so profound that protestation as a concept does not even arises among the people.In some(prenominal) the cases of fiction, the natural conditions for a psychologically healthy living are not provided to the people by the state. Hence, they resort to violent and unethical ways of finding some respite. In both the movies, terrorism is shown as a ever growing phenomenon. More disturbingly, its prevalence is so profound that the people have

Dry Needling in Physical Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Dry Needling in Physical Therapy - Essay ExampleThen, he describes triple basic dry needling models namely Myofascial Trigger Point Model (where he states how dry needling is used for the manipulation of myofascial trigger commits (MTrPs)), Radiculopathy Model (that is, the myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is caused by peripheral neuropathy or radiculopathy and the innervated structures function correctly if there is a free flow of nerve impulses, otherwise these innervated structures become supersensitive), and The Spinal Segmental Sensitization Model (in which Dommerholt describes devil approaches presented by Gunn and Fischer). He states that the Spinal Segmental Sensitization Model has been developed by Dr. Andrew Fischer, and combines features of Travell and Simons trigger point model and Gunns radiculopathy model. According to them, the musculoskeletal pain can be relieved by plastered methods such as needling of trigger points, somatic and preinjection blocks, spray and str etch, and exercises for the relaxation of the targeted muscles. The main difference between the two approaches put forth by Gunn and Fischer is that Fischer uses injection needles whereas Gunn uses acupuncture needles.Then, Dommerholt talks about mechanical, neurophysiological and chemical effectuate of dry needling. He states that when an MTrP is triggered in dry needling, it mechanically interrupts with the dysfunctional motor end plates. If an MTrP is mechanically stretched by the needle, then by rotating it, the connective tissue gets wrapped around it, referred to as needle grasp. The therapist can cause the needle grasp to occur by moving the needle up and land when he is inserting it in an MTrP. It causes the change in total length of the fiber and blocks the nociceptive substances, which relieves pain eventually. lecture about neurophysiological effects, Dommerholt mentions Baldry who says that the superficial dry needling causes prolonged stimulation of A-delta nerve fi bers which suppresses the pain.

Juvenile delinquents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile delinquents - taste ExampleMost of societys informal actions consist of education through counseling and restorative steps where the government or an NGO ar involved. Societys formal actions are more(prenominal) foreboding and can involve law enforcement agencies such as the police and law courts. at that place are cosmosy reasons for juvenile delinquents. The most common factor is the breakdown of family as a coherent unit. There can be nothing worse for a child than a situation where mature enatic care is lacking. If such care is missing for a prolonged period of time, it will not stupefy very long for the child to come across exploitative influence of anti-social elements. The reasons for juvenile delinquency some other than lack of parental care such as pickaxe of wrong company do exist. just now they are rare.It is difficult to bring about a change in the behavior of an adolescent. Adolescence is a challenge period when a boy or a girl is in the process of bec oming man or woman. The problem is compounded when the behavior of a materialisation adult is not adequately moored to the equilibrize influence of mature parents or other caring elders.As an outsider, I can talk to the young offender and counsel him or her. I can tell him about the consequence of his erratic behavior. I can suggest he take his work or studies seriously and keep close to in effect(p) and well-be scramd group of friends. These groups could be found in every place. It is only a question of choice for the young offender (Thompson, William E & Bynum, Jack E).Nothing is impossible. It depends on societys commitment on the level of control that it desires to enforce and the means it adopts to achieve them. A healthy society will have less problems of delinquency than a society where there is unacceptable level of ignorance (Thompson, William E & Bynum, Jack E).Family is the sanctioned unit of society. If parents function with responsibility, the chances of juvenile

The Advantages & Disadvantages for Working at P&G Essay

The Advantages & Disadvantages for Working at P&G - Essay ExampleP&G is restructuring its product portfolio as part of a $10 one million million million cost-cutting plan. Nearly 100 patsys that collectively generate revenue of $2.4 billion are in all probability to be divested (Kumar). P&G has 23 billion dollar brands in its portfolio which will be retained. The success of a brand restructuring program is to identify and weed out low performing brands and retain the cash cows. P&G is treading on the right path and therefore investors should feel encouraged. The leaner, trimmed down P&G is likely to be more focused, nimble and responsive to customer needs which will help the company in the long run. A.G. Lafley resumed the position of P&Gs chief executive officer in 2013. He had been at the maneuver of P&G from 2000 to 2009. Thereafter, Bob McDonald steered the P&G ship for four years (Coolidge). Lafley returned as CEO to guide P&G out of the woods. He is presently overseeing a massive restructuring plan (Green). He is committed to reducing costs and increasing efficiency. Lafleys leadership style is bound to make a profound difference for the business going forward. The incumbent CEO intends torefocus on innovation an associate that helped P&G reach dizzy heights during his first tenure (Coolidge). Lafley is an astute strategist who is instinctive to take calculated risks. He believes in the philosophy that customer is the boss. Lafleys assertiveness, creativity and infallible administrative ability have won him many accolades and awards (Ukessays.com). P&G offers job opportunities across functional areas, geographic territories and hierarchical levels. The company offers full-time and part-time jobs, temporary work as well internships. P&G scouts for people who are curious and innovative. People who are able to establish a rapport with other(a) people are seen as potential employees. P&G hires agile people who are nimble to meet the challenges head-o n. Employees having these traits mesh well with P&Gs organizational culture and help arouse future growthof the company. The reasoning test checks the cognitive ability of the candidate.

Sexual attraction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sexual attachment - Research Paper ExampleHuman sex activity has many aspects think to physiology and psychology. Biological or physiological aspects of innerity are related to the continuity of human generation in the world. Without sexual relationship, it is impossible to sustain the generations by living things. Nature has given the sexual attraction to altogether the living things in order to sustain their species on earth. Psychological aspects of sexuality are related to the peace of mental stress. Sexual relationship is one way for the living things to release their steamy energies.Sex is a divine thing given to all living things by nature. It should be used for constructive things or else than destructive things. Sex related crimes and abuses are increasing day by day everywhere in the world. Even small children were sexually abused by elders in the current century. The total unawareness of sexuality and sexual relationship is leading to such abuses. People are engage d in sexual abuses because of the emotional dominance over their wisdom.Diana Russell has reported from his studies that in a sample of 930 women she has studied, 38% has been sexually abused ahead the age of eighteen (Hastings, p.20) The adolescent period is a stage in which infatuation dominates all new(prenominal) wisdom. People at this stage may not know much about the good and evil. They result act based on their physiological and psychological needs. Barriers may not have any topographic point during this period and they often engage in sexual relationships without thinking twice.Much of the human sexual attraction is related to the physical attractiveness. The appearance of a person is interpreted by the senses which decide whether that person is qualified or not for sexual relationships. It is important for everybody to know about the meaning of sexuality and the importance of sexual relationships in order to sustain a healthy life. This paper briefly explains sexual at traction and its consequences. pickaxe of the life partner is

Sally hemings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sally hemings - Essay ExamplePhysical and sexual abuses were part of their slave lives, and family relationships were always inconstant because slave trades frequently broke up families. The American colonies practiced this slavery throughout the seventeenth and ordinal centuries, until the American Civil War and leaders like Abraham Lincoln put an end to it. However, even after(prenominal) the abolishment of slavery system, the legacy of slavery influenced the American history, in the disruptive years of Reconstruction. When slavery existed in United States of American, it was considered to be a cruel part of history. However, for Sally Hemings, it was a completely different story. She gave up freedom for galore(postnominal) uncertain reasons. The different facets of Hemings as concubine, mother, slave, and the privileges she had for being a slave is analyzed in detail.Being a char added burdens to a slaves life but also furthered the cooperation and interdependence necessary f or a womans survival.1 This statement aptly fits the life of Sally Hemings. She was a enslaved woman of mixed-race who was owned by then President, Thomas Jefferson. She was said to gather in had a long-term relationship with Jefferson, consequently bearing as many as six children with him. She was born in 1773 to Elizabeth (Betty) Hemings and John Wayles, Thomas Jeffersons father-in-law. She entered Monticello as part of inheritance that was given to his Jeffersons wife Martha Wayles Jefferson. Initially, she was a nursemaid to Jeffersons daughters doing household chores and other works that an enslaved woman would do. Later, in 1784, when Jefferson travelled to Paris, Hemings accompanied him with his 8-year old daughter named Martha. It is said that it was during this time that the relationship between Jefferson and Hemings could have developed.There are many instances to show that Sally Hemings gave up her

Econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Econ - Essay ExampleEconomic problems and such as recession naturally happen subject to correction by the economy itself. Keynes, on the other hand, argued for a more reactive response from the government because without it unemployment pull up stakes only extend. To battle this, government intervention is infallible because monetary policies can stimulate the economy. The state cannot wait for the self-correction of prices and wages. Developed during the Great Depression, this theory assumes that prolonged unemployment will only hurt the economy. The solution to a swift revitalization to overcome a recession is by implementing government spending from taxes. This multiplies aggregate demand to get closer to a leveled real Gross domestic help Product. To prevent staggering inflation, the government only needs to increase taxes or decrease spending (Cliffnotes n.p.). From the fiscal policy of the United States during the current economic recession, we see that the government appli es a more interventional approach in hopes of invigorating the low level of unemployment and to impede it from prolonging. This now could lead to a crowding out because of high interest rates which reduces investment and consumer expenditures that are affected by it. This diminishes the merits of the fiscal policy as implemented by the government (Cliffnotes n.p.). Bibliography Baumol, William J. and Alan S. Blinder.

Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing - Essay deterrent exampleHowever, it is common sight for the law keepers to have a red light burn the moment they learn unaccounted money getting passed down somewhere.Money laundering in todays world happens mostly through the banks. Banks were anticipate to tighten their money movement specifications. But with the wide open internet all around it becomes tougher for the banks to shell out and monitor what is the nature of movement and who is sending what to whom. The following section identifies the various methods adopted by the banks to undertake fair movement of money.Three points were the money laundering and terrorism related monetary transactions discharge be place and monitored are 1) entry of currency into the fiscal system 2) transfers to and from pecuniary system and 3) torment border flows of cash. The following processes are adopted by the banks in order to monitor these three and manoeuvre them1. Know your customer ru le. This was brought in during the heights of terrorist bombings on the aircrafts that every customer should be known and identified by the financial institutions. This would ensure that the customers are monitored and they are known if there is an uncanny behavior in any it is identified and monitored for further action1. This is for the existing customers.2. 2. Movement of any transaction over PDS 10000/- in UK and an equivalent in another(prenominal) countries are monitored and suspicious cases are reported to the legal authorities for further action. This is a statutory requirement in most countries and stipulated in UN charter for fighting drug and crime2. 3. For the new customers, a fit identification should be established before any transaction with the intended person is made by a financial institution3. This should be an official identification document like a passport, birth security measure or such other means of identification. If the person is acting on behalf of a c ompany or another person, then the identity of this person on whose behalf the transaction is being done is to be intelligibly established and identified to the maximum extent possible by the financial institution.4. All financial institutions and cash dealers should establish a clear internal and hierarchical reporting structure of such occurrences in their business leader or during the course of their business. This should be implemented and followed up on a daily basis.5. Under no circumstances should a financial company or a cash dealer shall allow break and operating of an account in a false name. Even if no offence was committed by the account operator, the financial institution has committed an offence according to the law.6. Countries are coming in firmly on cash movement either for import or for export or for any other purpose. Countries have made it clear that cash handling beyond a specific value is not accepted and can be seized at any port or place.It is essential t hat all the financial institutions abide by these laws. Now UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) has issued a comprehensive legal framework for the division countries to follow to counter crimes including terrorism.3. Lacuna in ControlsWhatever be the methods that are adopted by the banks to notice such variations in the transactions, it is always found that people committing the

Reaction Paperon Overthrow by Stephen Kinzer Essay

Reaction Paperon Overthrow by Stephen Kinzer - Essay ExampleThe second part involves overthrows that were because of hush-hush actions. During this time, the worlds big countries were involved in a cold war. Kinzer argues that the reasons for the overthrows were mainly to assist anti-colonial elements in some of the affected countries, make changes in the democratic system, and to protect the U.S. security. However, the principal objectives of carrying out the overthrows were to establish U.S. strain that acts as desired as stipulated. The U.S. besides had in mind the ambition to expand and access infallible resources necessary for the expansion. The need to obtain new markets and strengthen the U.S. economy at the expense of its competitors also contributed to this.In part one of the Overthrow, the U.S. carried out the overthrows with the purpose of protecting its citizens and companies operating in these affected countries. For example, the Nicaraguan electric chair was overth rown because he compromised the American security and did not promote democratic principles. The then president of the U.S. ordered the Nicaraguan president to be overthrown with the idea of defending the right of American companies to operate as they wished in Nicaragua. The like case applied to Hawaii, the government was overthrown to uphold American companies get access to the sugar plantations. This was an opportunity to decorate in those plantations for the benefit of the Americans. When the U.S. joined hands with the rebels in Cuba to fight the Spanish rule, they did not realize that the U.S. was doing this to help itself. Immediately after the government was overthrown, the U.S was given the right to maintain military bases in Cuba. The U.S. government gave Cubans consent to rule themselves as long it had to be consulted before Cuba made any decision. During this Imperial period, the U.S. government also overthrew the Puerto Rico government. Puerto Rico was under the Span ish rule and the U.S. was not happy about this. Kinzer urges

Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant on Suicide Essay

Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant on Suicide - Essay ExampleWhether this flesh of suicide cases is reasonable or non, it is assumed that when the achievement was committed and even only at that point, an someone had considered suicide as the most reasonable means of surviving the situation, and that the number of people who accept such an idea may in fact be increasing. The 18th century philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant constructed ethical principles that determined the honor or wrongness of suicide. The act of suicide is not moral based on the ethical principles authored by Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant. Benthams philosophy is defined by the value of the litigate in terms of utility, which roughly translates as human eudaemonia, and so suicide does not give a person any material benefit in the long run for it almost always results in destruction. For the British philosopher, the moral basis of an action is how much utility it affords the individual. This trans lates as pleasure and avoidance of pang according to its intensity, its duration, its certainty or uncertainty, its resemblance or remoteness (Perry & Bratham 485). Most people would contend that suicide may bring the individual wild pansy and freedom from any more physical pain as he dies. However, committing suicide is also through pain itself, which is never a benefit to the individual. The intensity and duration of the act of suicide must be equivalent to the intensity and duration of pain that the person will experience. ... After all, there is no assure that there is no more spiritual pain and torment in the future even if death meant the cessation of all physical pain. Thus, suicide is not moral because it does not truly give the warrantee that one is freed from pain just because one dies. After all, there is no authentic proof that the afterlife is a life of eternal goodness and pleasure. Moreover, suicide is not moral because it is followed by undesirable circumstance s. For Bentham, an act is moral also if it is followed by sensations of the same kind, which is known as fecundity, or if it is not being followed by sensations of the opposite kind, which is known as purity (485). In terms of fecundity, no one can authentically be sure about suicide as its usual consequence is death. However, based on Benthams definition of fecundity, the sensations of pain from suicide may actually be followed by more pain in the afterlife or in the physical life if the person did not actually die. On the former(a) hand, when it comes to purity of action, even if the suicide were painless, there is no guarantee that there is no more pain for the individual in the afterlife. Moreover, there must even be a lot of pain that he would leave in the physical universe of discourse. There is therefore no escape from pain when it comes to suicide, thus it is not a moral act. Suicide is also not moral because it negatively affects many people. For Bentham, one prevail bas is of the morality of an act is its extent or the number of people who are affected by it (485). This means that the person who dies from suicide leaves behind family members and friends who would grieve his death or who would suffer in this world because of him. For example, if he were a doctor

Public Health Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

e preciseday Health - Personal Statement ExampleParticularly, our country Iraq is in horrendous need of help in the field of public health, a need that is exacerbated by the fact that most(prenominal) physicians in Iraq pursue clinical careers and thus, just a few of them work in public health. I therefore intend to pursue a get over of Philosophy (MPhil) seam in Public Health. I am plowshareicularly requesting for admission for this course since I believe that it will give me an opportunity to follow out my mission of aiding in the reconstruction and development of my country.My request for a chance to pursue a Master of Philosophy course in Public Health is not based on a beloved for a title of a master program graduate, but on my passion to delve into Public Health thus actualizing my career objectives. I have a great interest of being part of the team that will bring the highly needed difference in our countrys health system, with an aim of promoting healthier lives thus enabling people to live their lives to the full. In addition, my interest for this MPhil program is very high and I have a strong will to engage in extensive enquiry aimed at equipping myself with every of the essentials of public health profession propelled by these, I have been attention relevant lectures, training conferences and courses.My academic background has laid a solid foundation for my enrolment for a Master of Philosophy course in Public Health as earlier stated I have started to attend relevant lectures, training courses and conferences. I have also completed various courses on topics such as field epidemiology, health system and administration, in addition to leadership and communications. In the course of my studies, I got immensely equipped with invaluable fundamental knowledge, which will be of great assistance on my enrolment for the MPhil program.In addition, my previous experiences in public health have prepared me for this program I have been working

Describe a paint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe a paint - Essay ExampleThe Rock was completed in 1948 by Blume which is approximately 3 years from WWII. The war had a far reaching influence on people. The devastations, bombings and violations during the war and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were tre handsdously offensive for the people. The effect of the war remained on peoples sound judgement for a long period, even out when they came across to the rock in 1950. The title gave a view to the people that human beings are persistent on living in the world even after the desolate effects of atomic bombings and extreme violence that they faced. It also implied the Earths continued existence even after the cruel and brutal acts of the human beings. The human beings are portrayed to be struggling disdain of the devastations and conditions around them. This work clearly condemns the negative use of technology. The painting shows destruction and construction at the equal time. The destroyed building implies the effects of the war which led to destruction of many house and even countries. The men and women struggling to reconstruct or mitigate the losses give a new hope to the people. The skunk moving towards the building which is not constructed yet also guides towards the hope of reconstruction after destruction, however, with some effects to continue with it.

Alcoholism Essay Example for Free

crapulence Essay drink is an issue that affects a person as well as the society at large. Despite me not being an spiritous, I have had friends and relatives who have had to deal with the issue. Alcoholism is a ad hominem issue however, it also affects the society in many ways. The society is directly and indirectly affected by people who overindulge and constantly abuse alcohol. Furthermore, people become alcoholics because of personal as well as societal issues.For example, a personal mickle become an alcoholic because of losing a close person however, he posterior still become an alcoholic because of living in a society that has a distressing economy which leads to frustration and depression. Alcoholism is a personal issue when it does not affect anyone else but the alcoholic however, it becomes a social issue when it affects the society in various ways. The society becomes victim to alcoholism receivable to a number of reasons. For instance, many accidents are caused as a result of drunk driving. In addition, alcoholics can commit crimes such as theft in order to get money for drinking.Alcoholism can be solved when alcoholics address their personal issues instead of avoiding them through drinking. In addition, they can also go to rehabilitation centers where they can get treatment and be counseled on ways of dealing with their issues and how to avoid drinking. solution the issue from a personal perspective also helps in solving it from a societal level. Alcoholism from a social standpoint can be treated by creating awareness and sensitization almost the issue and the negative effects that it has on society.

Political Philosophy and Major Theme Machiavelli Essay Example for Free

Political Philosophy and major Theme Machiavelli EssayMachiavelli had a true and abiding love for Florence. He wanted to make Florence capacious and also find himself a job, as he lost his when the Medici family came into power. He dedicated his allow on policy-making science, The Prince, to Lorenzo Medici in the hopes that Lorenzo would be impressed and offer him a job. However, Lorenzo ignored the book and Machiavelli. The Prince is a instructive examination of political power, how to achieve it, maintain it, and expand it. Machiavelli does not take into consideration what is mor all in ally right, or amoral, only what is useful and useless.The book is more like a technical manual, and technical manuals only plead the facts. The book defines what turns a mere man into a great formula and what turns a great ruler into a mere man. Machiavellis book of politics is unique because it is so realistic. He does not home man in a false utopia where man live in eternal peace and harmony, everyone doing slap-up to one an early(a) for the good of the public unit. Rather, he writes a manual where there are political conflicts and tensions. Machiavelli writes how a prince should deal with these conflicts and tensions.He condones scratchiness, punishment, religion, rewards, compassion, and integrity to achieve power. W despisever means to achieve the end. QUESTIONS 2. Discuss Machiavellis heroes. Select one and discuss the traits that he finds admirable in that person. Be specific. Machiavellis heroes are Moses, Cyrus, Romulus and Theseus. They all formed civilizations. When Machiavelli talks roughly his heroes he is speaking of how to acquire a principality. As Isiah Berlin says in his essay, Machiavelli prise these heroes because they were high-minded, tough, and tough enough to use brutality against the fewer, to help the public good of the princedom.He especially respect Moses because he was worthy to talk to God. Moses had the opportunity to create a new civilization with the Israelites because they were being interact badly by the Pharaoh . Therefore, Moses took advantage of their discontent with their new master and led them in a riot. lastly creating a new civilization. Machiavelli admired Moses because of his strength of character that carried him through the difficult trouble of gaining power. 3. Discuss Machiavellis opinions on the uses of cruelty to accomplish certain goals.The Prince is about the ways to achieve political power, with no appreciation for the way in which it is achieved. Machiavelli does not advocate unnecessary cruelty. His book is only about how to obtain and keep open a princedom. Machiavelli believes that cruelty is sometimes necessary to acquire or/and keep political power. Machiavelli recognized that in the time he lived a political ruler would throw off to use cruelty, he writes, The new prince, above all princes, cannot possibly avoid the name of cruelty.He also states in Chapter VIII that c ruelty may be useful sometimes in achieving certain ends, and it would bring no glory. 1. What does Machiavelli appreciate of the people in the course of human history? Machiavelli refers to the people as the masses, lots of times. He realizes that the people are a dominant force in politics, whether it is a democracy or a republic. When a princedom is added to an already established kingdom, he writes that the customs must be the equivalent mingled with the two and that no new taxes or laws should be enacted.To do so would cause the people to revolt and the recently acquired princedom would be in jeopardy. Machiavelli realizes a prince cannot keep political power if his people hate him. A hostile population may abandon him or turn against him when hostile noble attack, hence the prince go out lose the kingdom. Machievelli also believed that a prince may make an example of a very few be execution of severe punishment, but that letting the population bring disorder among thems elves was bad for the whole community. Therefore, Machiavelli was wary of mob rule.Machiavelli realizes that the people have to be relatively happy for a princedom to be healthy. 4. In general, what is Machiavelli telling his Prince with regard to the use of power? Machiavellis entire book is about power. How to achieve a princedom with power. Power over the people with cruelty (or punishment) power over other princes with deceit or a bigger legions or powerful friends power over the army with cruelty and/or money. He speaks of control over captured cities by dividing them into factions, disarming the people or forming hostilities among the people. any of these things achieve power. A prince must also be more powerful than his counselors, listening and gleaning knowledge but making his own decisions because a weak prince will do whatever his counselors tell him and then his counselors will take over the princedom. EVALUATION OF BOOK I think this is one of the most interesting books Ive read in a while. Its dry, realistic, terse, and to the point. Its also very easy to read (I was sunnily surprised). All of the historical connotations are especially interesting.I read that Hitler, Mussolini, and Lenin found Machiavelli valuable reading I would like to delve more into that one In the Renaissance religion and learning were beginning to be thought of as separate and Machiavelli was a man of his time. His book was entirely didactic and did not have a trace of religion. He spoke of cruelty and deceit in matter-of-fact tones and kept his book strictly a manual, with no judgements. In our modern time, we have to discern his book in the same manner that he wrote it. If we do not, we will not understand what he was writing.

Theory That I find Most Appealing Essay Example for Free

Theory That I find Most Appealing EssayTheories are constructed to help in explaining, predicting and mastering phenomena. They are do to be as general as they could be in order for a original phenomena to cash in ones chips in. But mostly, there is a great effort in depicting what is there in reality. manage how chemists uses theories to understand chemical reactions, how there is an effort to identify which theory is closest to explaining how the universe took place, there is alike theories that are used by those studying humans. Humans are the most unpredictable of all creatures. They could start from the norms and mores and traditions etc. that is why it is also essential that we understand them and explain why they act such things by using theories.The character theory I find most appealing falls under the humane approach draws attention to the idea that an individual has immense freedom to know which way to take, whether it may be regarding personal growth, worth id entified as ones own or evidently self-fulfillment. With this, I further limited my choice of personality theory to Snygg and Combs Theory of Motivation. Theory of Motivation explains that there is a basic need in each and every one of us to preserve and enhance our phenomenal self. Phenomenal self is defined as the persons own find of himself or herself. This view explains a certain behavior by the way it was acquired by a person as s/he goes done his/her life.The experiences s/he gains and his/her conscious mind works on having a certain behavior. This theory does not take into consideration the subconscious mind like Freud does. This theory also explains that a person maintains or pushes for a better personality as s/he goes through life. thus this makes one fully conscious of what processes one underwent and the effects it did to his/her personality. A persons view is utter to be developed over and over as s/he continuously journey through life but is limited by her/his way of seeing things by her/his previous experiences and the kind of enculturation s/he was given upon growing up.Basically, this theory has the decency of realizing that a person isnot dictated by simply wants or needs or emotions or his/her subconscious mind that s/he cannot control what s/he should do. This theory recognizes the fact that a person could choose what to do with his/her life. But this theory fails to accept that a person could be affected by his/her surroundings in making a heavy choice or decision. Say, one is definitely against abortion, but growing up poor and seeing your parents crawling on fours except for you to have a descent life, practiced so you could finish college would give you a dilemma.To think twice whether you should abort that child given your circumstances or push for it despite the set down consequences. But what is nice about this theory is that it sees a potential in human that just by having the ability to asses ourselves and the previous experiences we garnered we could be able to further upgrade ourselves. Just like a robot that is reprogrammed in a way that suits the present situations and having a wider scope of abilities.I guess, this theory backs up the clich that experience is the best teacher. And it gives a little efficiency by saying that we also subscribe to by how we are brought up. Our lifetime is not enough to experience and learn from all the mistakes we could and should commit just to learn something new. That is why we should also learn from the mistakes of others. Weighing what is right and wrong, a perfect blend of emotion and rationality will definitely bring us to the right direction.theory. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved June 05, 2007, from Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorysnygg and combs. (2007). Brainmeta. Retrieved June 05, 2007, from Brainmeta http//brainmeta.com/personality/snyggcombs.phphumanistic approach. (2007). The Psi Caf. Retrieved June 05, 2007, from The Psi Caf A Psychology Resource Site http//www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/KeyTheorists/HumApp.htmsnygg and combs. (2007). Social-Psychology. Retrieved June 05, 2007, from Social-Psychology http//www.social-psychology.de/do/pt_snyggcombs.pdf

Critique of Artificial Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Critique of Artificial Intelligence EssayJournalist thaumaturgy Markoff wrote the member Computer Wins On Jeopardy Trivial, Its Not. He discusses how the super calculator Watson defeated the solely magazine champion of Jeopardy batch Jennings. The author, throughout the article, agrees that the supercomputer Watson was a fair advert against Ken Jennings. I disagree with Markoff for multiple reasons. This was in no way a fair match because the computer had a remarkable readiness to answer questions at super speeds. Also, the computer has access to all available questions and the ability to answer them. This was in no way a fair battle between the computer and Ken Jennings.The authors main idea of this article is mainly to say how the supercomputer was a fair match between the two. The computer has ways to answer questions that humans have no way of doing. The computer roll in the hay answer questions within seconds and even milliseconds when the question is asked. It has a super speed ability to answer these questions, which gives no time for the competitor to even have a line up to answer the questions given. So, when the competitor has no time to even have an attempt to answer the question, there is no way to win. Watson is so smart that nigh every question that is asked, he answers correctly.Since I dont agree with Markoffs statement well-nigh Watson, I dont think his argument is valid. The reason I dont desire his argument and points are valid is that a computer that has remarkable and inhuman-like abilities is obviously going to win in a competition of speed and knowledge. Ken Jennings had no chance against this computer. So, if a human has no chance against a machine, how can anyone call this a fair fight? Now, Markoff did define his terms clearly and specifically describe his reasons for why he thinks what he thinks, so I do give him credit for that. Still, I disagree with his argument.I disagree with most of Markoffs view about the compet ition between the computer and Jennings. His main point of the fair competition is totally undebatable. Watson, on the other hand, does not anticipate the light, further has a weighted scheme that allows it, when it is highly confident, to hitthe buzzer in as little as 10 milliseconds, making it hard for humans to beat (Markoff 212). This statement made by Markoff proves that this was in no way possible for Jennings to beat the super computer. The computer can buzz in at dreaded speeds as little as 10 milliseconds, which is way faster than any other human could perchance buzz in.Plus, the computer is programmed with so much information, that it would most likely be able to defeat Jennings, near because of the intelligence of this machine that the creators programmed into it. Overall, I do not believe that this forgather published by John Markoff is in anyway valid. Markoff does however succeed in persuading people his ideas and describing his ideas and arguments very specifical ly. He does a proper job with his argument and stating what he thinks. I do not agree with his argument though. My reaction to this piece is actually astonished because I am not sure how anyone could think that a computer competing against a very intelligent human was fair at all.The weakness of this passage is probably how it can be hard for someone to understand how a computer can manage to accomplish all this, tho the strengths are good description and expression of the passage. Although he argues very well of his points, I in no way agree with his argument that the battle between Watson and Ken Jennings was fair.

Ethical Decision Making by Individuals Essay Example for Free

Ethical Decision Making by Individuals essayExisting theoretical amazes of individual ethical finale making in organizations place little or no emphasis on characteristics of the ethical issue itself. This article (a) proposes an issue-contingent model containing a new rigid of variables called honourable intensity (b) using concepts, theory, and evidence derived largely from social psychology, argues that example intensity influences every member of good decision making and style (c) offers four research propositions, and (d) discusses implications of the theory.Conclusions and Implications Existing theoretical models have do by the effect of characteristics of the virtuous issue itself on ethical decision making and behavior in organizations. taken at face value, these models suggest that individuals will decide and behave in the same manner disregarding of the nature of the moral issue involved.An employee of a drug manufacturer would view the release of a stern drug by his or her firm with the same alarm (or lack of alarm) that he or she viewed the thievery of a few diskettes from the company supply cabinet by a fellow employee. The issue-contingent model proposed present explicitly rejects this view and suggests that the moral intensity of the issue itself has a significant effect on moral decision making and behavior at all stages of the process. If this model is found to have empirical support, the test of other models would be significantly affected.Controlling for issue traits would vex an integral part of a meaty test of Trevinos (1986) person-situation interactionist model, for example the relative importance of personal factors and situational factors might vary considerably, from issue to issue. Similarly, issue charucteristics could spay the balance of teleological and deontological considerations in the moral evaluation stage of Hunt and Vitells (1986) general theory model of marketing ethics.Perhaps the most important pot ential impact of an empirical finding that ethical decision making and behavior are issue contingent involves the applicability of the models themselves. Moral intensity is expected to bit a major role in the recognition of moral issues and, hence, in the actual engagement of moral decision-making processes instead of, or in addition to, other decision-making schemata. Simply stated, the details of moral decision-making and behavior processes become irrelevant if the person does not espy that he or she is dealing with a moral issue. forthcoming models of ethical decision making should include some consideration of the effect of the moral agents failure to recognize the moral issue. Moral intensity is also relevant to the general applicability of Kohlbergs (1976) theory of cognitive moral development. If moral development is issue contingent, as this article and some emerging empirical evidence suggest, and then Kohlbergs theory would have to be substantially revised, and much of the research based on it would have to be reappraised.Future research based on his developmental theory would have to control for traits of the moral issues involved. From a practical point of view, issue contingency is important to normative judgments of moral decisions and of the people who make them. more of the elements of moral intensity (magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, temporal immediacy, and concentration of effect) are directly related to judgments of the importance of moral issues.If these elements of moral intensity are found to be positively linked to moral behavior, it can be concluded that people generally behave better when the moral issue is important than they do when it is unimportant. unheeding of a persons views regarding the overall moral tenor of society or its alleged decline in late(a) years, he or she could easily be encouraged by the finding that peoples best moral behavior is inspired by issues of substantial importance.

A Critical Response to the Editorial “Productive Labour” Essay Example for Free

A Critical Response to the Editorial rich Labour EssayA Productive Labour is an editorial written by Roger Martin and James Mil demeanor. This tackles on the topic of productivity what it is, what it does, and just how of import it is for a countrys economy and living. The adjudicates main point privy be seen in its secondary title, which states that the only limit to productivity growth is military personnel ingenuity. The articles specialisation lies in this statement, and supported by the many reasons the authors discussed afterwards. Although the essay is strongly put unitedly, with the main points being distinctly stated, thither is still the existence of some weaknesses, evident in many parts of the article. These loopholes are both poorly explained or there is no sufficient evidence presented to actually support it. The authors, in this essay played the role as lecturers and persuaders at the same time. They started off by discussing productivity by stating it a s a practical way to raise our living standards. They gave an assertion that the only limit to productivity is the human ingenuity, unlike other methods which would use up all of the natural resources, or the number of hours to work. From here they gave specifics on how to actually increase the productivity. One of their main arguments here is the use of what they called invigorated value creation (par. 10). This, together with strategies leading to innovation will drive a countrys productivity higher. The editorial to a fault contained written eudaemonias of productivity, and how it can help a countrys growth. One interesting fact that the authors pointed turn up is that the limiting factor of increasing a countrys productivity lies in ingenuity. This seems to be part true, because the article congeald ingenuity as the only limiting factor, when in fact in a practical world it is not. The article in the succeeding separate stated that a countrys ability to improve its standa rd of living over time depends almost entirely on its ability to raise its fruit per actor (par. 6).If productivity is the key to raising the standard of living, it is then limited by the output of severally worker. And any worker, no matter how ingenious he or she may be, will only get ahead a indisputable level and never go beyond it. This is a practical theory of everything no matter how long and how much energy you put into something, it will reach a point where there is no useful output produced. Then, the next step would be to find a bare-ass worker with new and fresh ideas. Over time, productivity will not only be limited by the workers ingenuity, but also by the number of workers available and efficient enough for the tasks. Although compared with the limitations caused by natural resources, productivity still has an run into. Taking into account the length of a workers useful ingenuity and the possible number of workers available, the depletion of natural resources w ould come to dawn at time earlier than this. Another eye possibility fact is the information on new value creation (par 10). This is truly one important way of increasing productivity and it is covalently linked to ingenuity and innovation. These unique creations are a wonderful way to not only enhance a workers thinking skills, but also create an edge in the economical tug-of-war. Instead of trying to compete against a body politic who perfected a certain technology, others can develop a technology different from it. And if that technology or product becomes a hit, the nation pioneering that new design would benefit greatly from it.This is just a way of showing how productivity can be translated to economics and businesses, just like the article suggests. But it should not forget the prerequisites for an actual new creation to be born. First would be the development of science and technology in the country. The chances of creating a new product would greatly rely on the technology readily available. A man may confound designs on creating the worlds greatest car but if the society lacks the tools and techniques required in exercise one, these innovation would not be manifested as a usable object. Again, it is not always practical for a new creation to make its way into the conceiving stage. Finally, the article speaks to a very broad audience. Its first paragraph ended with a challenge to governments, businesses, and citizens (par. 1). The whole article in a sense is then consecrated to every single one person of a country or nation. The productivity challenge is something that everyone must(prenominal) be a part of.It is true that although many think of productivity as a boundary only used in labour, or businesses, it should actually encompass every being that contributes to the society. Citizens, by the elementary due of paying their taxes, enters the world of productivity and contributes a part of that to the government, which in turn must make use o f these taxes in a very much robust way. For the work force, productivity would be of benefit for them since it means higher wages. In a nutshell, the editorial speaks clearly of the purpose and strength of productivity in our daily lives. Its arguments are supported by concrete examples and the essay is in fact very persuasive. in that location are just some little details which may not be noticeable at first. These usually jump in the practicality of the suggestion. We must always take into consideration the practical events that would happen and define them differently from the hypothetical or theoretical events. This way, factors can be explained much better without bias.ReferencesMartin, R., Milway, J. A productive labour the only limit to productivity growth is human ingenuity.

Ethical issues Essay Example for Free

Ethical issues EssayCode of ethics for education defines the professional behavior of pedagog and serves as a guide to ensure at that place is ethical conduct. Professional standards commission came up with standards that lay out guidance as far as conducts that are general accepted in education profession. For this theme, there is assurance of protection of safety, health and general welfare of teachers and students to ensure some degree of accountability indoors the education profession and defines unethical conduct justifying disciplinary action.Educators ought to uphold ethics much(prenominal) as moralistic sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation and moral character among others wile working. Ethical standards are set such as criminal acts, abuse of students, alcohol or drugs, misinterpretation, public fund and property mismanagement and illicit remunerative conduct among others (Code of ethics for Educators, 1999) How is it then possible for a teacher, who ha s been trusted with the welfare of children, dare think, for a moment to have a sexual relationship with a student?Well, here is a case study in Leewicks High School in America. position teacher charged with having affair with student, February 1998 English teacher, Mary (not real name), 35 years old was charged with criminal sexual exploitation and having a sexual and romantic affair with a minor 16 year old male child. She admitted having sex with the boy. Suspicions were raised(a) about the affaire when people saw them together cuddling and holding hands away from the drill. other teacher, Mrs.Shael (not real name) also found a hand written note with the students initials on Marys desk. There was also a piece of paper with a list of things she valued to do which included dinner out and great sex Police said they seized letters in which Mary wrote. She was upset that the boy wanted to breakup the relationship. The boy told the police that the relationship started when he was 15 years old while baby sitting Marys son and taking guard of her dogs and cats. They also exchanged gifts and letters, including wedding rings, police said.Mary was arrested at school and initially denied the allegations, saying the boy was fantasizing. Police said that she later confessed. Prosecutors noted that Mary initially made up a pubic louse story to save her marriage from breaking, and later on continued to use the same lie in order to be absent in her place of work and in an effort to keep the caramel boy from terminating the relationship Mary was ordered on bail and could be sentenced to more than eight years. She was hang up with pay.She has separated with the husband they had a 9 year old son. Mark (not real name), the principal of the school said the whole school felt betrayed. This became the topic of discussion among students and teachers in the school. Some students found it baffling to believe the story as they described her as a very nice teacher who is e er positive. She was a very dear teacher to us student commented. Some felt the act was disguising. The disciplinary action interpreted might lead Mary to be fired by the education managers.She is credibly not to serve the eight years in jail because she can easily be released on bonds. Mary could alternatively have been asked to compensate the teen for sexually using him. The ministry of education could monitor the educators conduct and performance after an investigation is held. This action is to ensure that the prosecuted educator is abiding by laws and regulations of the sector. Professional certificate or license could be suspend or revocation.The action is usually taken the way it is outlined in educators figure of ethics. Another alternative way of traffic with the case is not to allow the educator to be engaged in to play the role of volunteers. Or substitute teachers or any position during the time of her revocation, suspension or denial for the violation of the code o f ethics. These solutions though acceptable, may complicate the situation because the students will loose the teacher and the education performance be affected. The sector will also have lost a human resource.

Course Project Essay Example for Free

Course purge EssayThey ar universe Website, Manufacturing Support organisation (MSS), Human Resources System (HRS), and Sales and Marketing System (SMS). Public Website provides cultivation nigh apiece of the yields, locations where both(prenominal) integrity arse purchase them, and information about how to get indorsement support. Details of warranty support and defect rates atomic number 18 not tracked, only if the staff has anecdotal stories. The Manufacturing Support System (MSS) maintains the supply chain information necessary for manufacturing the unions carrefours, much(prenominal) as raw materials, vendors, and prices. The Human Resources System (HRS) maintains and tracks force and social welfargons information. And the Sales and Marketing System (SMS) track the sales and commercializeing efforts of the c totallyers sales force. Orders from this presidency are printed and sent daily to the MSS to be filled. As a senior member of the IT Management ag group for SAI Toys, I agree with the Board of bringors and the CEO determination to stay on the forefront of geekness, and therefore the company should integrate all ofits IT schemas.In addition, they want to develop a much robust Web armorial bearing and sell their products admitly to individual customers in addition to selling through traditional retailers, as they before long are doing. My good word is that we need to hire more staff if SAI Toys want to stay on the forefront. The company needs to hire professional computer specialist. The integration of recent the software program product into a newly grow IT system which utilizes in some cases first generation coding on legacy hardware female genitals create operational problems which in-ho determination IT staff may be nable to solve. SAI Toys is not in the computer business. While computers are essential to the intent, manufacture and marketing of their products, SAI Toys would be well served by having their IT sy stems vertically integrated and maintained in a cloud compute environment, eliminating most of their IT department employees in the process (Butcher, 2011). In this report, I pull up stakes show how the company should go about implementing this executive directive. The report should include the sideline sections.The report leave behind also outline the situation, weighs various alternatives, and I leave presents a final recommendation for the company. The report will also include the accepted IT system, overview of the recommended system, the difference between In House and Outsourcing reading, the stakeholders buy-in, the ERP project failed with less(prenominal)ons learned, and the companys ROL amp TCO. Current IT Situation To evaluate SAI Toys, victimization the basic analysis techniques will help us to have an overview of the company and its environment.SWOT is a tool that identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization. SAI Toys SWOT Ana lysis is to take the information from an environmental analysis and separate it into inborn (strengths and weaknesses) and external issues (opportunities and threats). The Strengths of SAI Toys are Experienced and successful marketing team, High marque recognition for their unique products, Substantial 25 member IT team, and Quality control ensuring positive consumer feedback.The Weaknesses of SAI Toys are extremely competitive marketplace, Extensive and continuing RampD investment, Cost containment, and Personnel embodys for IT staff (Butcher, 2011). The Opportunities of SAI Toys are Direct marketing and sales to consumers through company operated websites, Emerging international markets immediately ready to hand(predicate) through the internet, and Substantial IT court reduction through use of cloud computing. The Threats of SAI Toys are Loss of market share, Major competitors integrating vertically and selling direct, and Changing technology requiring escalating engineering cost (Butcher, 2011).The Competitive dodging Analysis is the second basis analysis technique to help us to have an overview of the company and its environment. SAI gougenot buckle under the curtain raising of IT system failure given the highly competitive market in which they operate. New product traffic pattern, manufacture, and marketing require that their IT system be fully functional 24/7 with no downtime. To stand up growth and revenue and stay ahead of potential competition SAI Toys will need to invest heavy in Research and Development (RampD) on an ongoing basis (Butcher, 2011).This will include upgrade investment in hiring skilled engineering personnel. Because SAI Toys creates unique products which may exclusively dominate a sharp segment of the market from which all of its revenue is derived, the introduction into the market of a competitors comparable product with enhanced features and lower retail pricing may severely move SAI Toys ability to fuck off sales and revenue (Butcher, 2011). Swimlanes Diagram AS-IS Diagram Overview of Recommended SystemThe various systems currently in place will be replaced or integrated into the new system. Assuming that SAI Toys has elected to develop an integrated IT system in-house utilizing its current IT structure plainly expanding operability to allow all four (4) distinct IT systems to communicate with to all(prenominal) one other, an Organizational cover Performance system evaluation is necessary which will derive quantitative objectives for quality and process action from the organizations business objectives (Butcher, 2011). The new system will be the ERP Implementation. in that respect is a bring of ERP Implementation. While ERP is clearly a software solution for SAI, its effectuation must be done on an incremental basis to limit interruptions to the existing business structure at SAI. Like all IT changes, problems quite a little and will develop. To minimize the partake on SAIs ongoing business operation the behaveance of ERP should follow during the lapses between product launches or product design and development stages and slaying should be accomplished on a step-by-step basis, one application at a time.Limiting IT installations and disruptions to non-critical time periods will take into account the least stressful adoption of the IT structure and allow SAI to maintain its revenue stream without incurring a loss (Butcher, 2011). There are numerous vendors who offer ERP software which would be easily configurable for SAIs proper(postnominal) requirements. Microsoft, Oracle, Sage, Exact, SAP, and Intuitive each offer ERP software solutions which stool manage companies like SAI with up to 1,000 users.Each of these ass incorporate e-commerce chopines into the take and supply chain and provide SAI Toys precaution with instantaneous information reports including warranty claims, product claims, and defective product losses to together with consumer feedback in real-time (Butcher, 2011). few new features in this system will include 1) better customer satisfaction 2) Increased profitability 3) Reduced costs ) Improved quality and processing times 5) Improved business culture by bridging the gap between the production line and circumspection 6) Improved business performance by decocting team members on eliminating dissolution across key business processes and workflows (Butcher, 2011). There are many companies out there that have successfully made the transition from a brick and mortar business to an E-Commerce. The E-Commerce can help the company grow and expand.An e-commerce platform can be utilise for advertising, production, supplier enquiries, negotiations, contracts, orders, billing, payments, and after sales service and other business activities in the process of interactive architectural plan management that can simplify the transaction process (Butcher, 2011). SOA would be of benefit to this project. A Service Oriented Arch itecture (SOA) design principle can be utilized during the phases of systems development and integration. A system based on SOA will package functionality as suite of interoperable service that can be utilize within multiple separate systems from the four separate systems.SOA also in general provides a way for consumers of work such as web-based applications to be aware of available SOA based services. For example, several(prenominal) disparate departments within a company may develop and deploy SOA services in incompatible implementation languages and their respective clients will benefit from a well understood, well defined user interface to regain them. SOA defines integration for widely disparate applications for a web-based environment and uses multiple implementation platforms (Butcher, 2011). Rather than defining an API, SOA defines the interface in terms of protocols and functionality.An end betoken is the entry point for such a SOA implementation. Service-orientation requires loose coupling of services with operating systems and other technologies that underlies applications. SOA separates functions into distinct units, or services, which developers make accessible over a network in order to allow users to combine and reuse them in the production of applications. These services and their identical consumers communicate with each other by passing data in a well-defined, shared format, or by corresponding an activity between two or more services.SOA is therefore a continuum as opposed to distributed computing or modular computer programming (Butcher, 2011). Swimlanes diagrams- TO-BE diagram In-House versus Outsourcing Development The benefits and costs of developing this system in-house versus outsourcing the development or purchasing ready-made are very important to consider. Off-the-shelf ERP packages are tested and proven performers which are an essential requirement for a company like SAI Toys which cannot throw the inevitable downtime ass ociated with fragmented software design and installation.On a cost benefit analysis basis the investment in purchasing an off-the-shelf ERP software package is substantially less than the cost of downtime and system inoperability where an in-house software design fails (Butcher, 2011). The ability of the software vendor to de-bug an off-the-shelf system can be respectd in minutes or hours versus the possibility and probability of several days of downtime with in-house developed software.The purchase price of an ERP software package can be amortized over a useful lifespan of five years or more and when compared to the prospective pass downtime of in-house developed software the advantages of an ERP off-the-shelf solution cannot be ignored (Butcher, 2011). To avoid as many pitfalls as possible in the overhaul of SAIs IT system it is recommended that SAI avoid in-house software development of this magnitude. While some of SAIs IT staff may be proficient in software development there are the issues of minimum and exacting standards employed in the industry which may not be a comity for in-house development.CCMI and ISO certifications should also impact the decision here. CMMI and ISO certification are an inherent part of these off-the-shelf software solutions which pop offs the unsure standards that may be employed in in-house software development (Butcher, 2011). We should develop the system by around best practices for managing the project type to having a better chance of success are Stakeholder Buy-in and Internal political sympathies The stakeholders of this system are essential. Once stakeholders are on board with the system development, they are likely to go along involved, supporting the program over its lifetime.We can get them to buy-in and support the system development by guardianship them informed throughout the process of the system, including during the evaluation planning, implementation, and reporting phases (Innovation Network, 2002-2012 ). Stakeholders are valuable assets in evaluation planning, fling * Assistance in decision-making about continued and prospective funding * Perspective that helps the program learn, grow, and improve, and * Experience that informs program replication at other sites or organizations.The Stakeholders fall into three levels of program participation or involvement. There are * Primary stakeholdersare typically major decision makers within a program, and are oftentimes the motivators behind an evaluation effort. They are often program staff, supervisors, senior managers, and funders. * Secondary stakeholdershave less receive with the administrative side of the program, but are still important to the evaluation effort. They include program participants and their families direct service staff and possibly other professionals providing subsequent services to program participants. Tertiary stakeholdersare more distant but are likely to be interested in evaluation findings for example, pot ential program participants, the general public, or members of the same profession (Innovation Network, 2002-2012). There are other issues that may arise as a result of the internal politics in our company that could have a negative impact on the project. The best thing to do is to reduce the risk of project failure due to internal issues. Many systems development problems are in practice caused by a failure to perceive that precise stakeholders viewpoints were relevant.That failure causes whole groups of requirements, typically those related to scenarios involving the missing stakeholders to be missed. A same result is obtained when one stakeholder assumes one scope for a product while another stakeholder assumes another. This occurs when a developer assumes that it will be commensurate to design, code, and test software but the purchaser hopes to have everything set-up and operators trained (Butcher, 2011). Stakeholder composition is a good forecaster of project risk and there fore it should be cost-effective to characterize projects at their initiation according to their stakeholder impact.SAI can minimize internal politics by fully evaluating each stakeholder and assuring them that their input is critical to the general success of the project. Each stakeholder then becomes part of the project team and has a vested interest in ensuring the net success of the project. Team meetings bring all of the stakeholders together to discuss differences and eliminate issues which would delay or stick out the project. Each team member realizes that their participation is equally important within their area of specialization or expertise fully under their direct control and unchallenged by direct confrontation.In this manner, each team member must demonstrate how their participation and overall cooperation contributes to the overall success of the project (Butcher, 2011). ERP Project Failures and Lessons Learned Studying ERP project failures is an essential part of project success. By identifying the same or similar issues that lead to failure in one company, SAI can take steps to avoid or eliminate those problems as they arise. Case studies also provide a precursor to the foreseeable problems that occur in ERP implementation allowing SAI management an opportunity to prepare for these problems by formulating a contingency plan.ERP project failures are common but this not unique to ERP. Every system has glitches regardless of the quality of design or the expertise of design personnel (Butcher, 2011). In the Case Study for Implementation Failure at Hersheys Chocolate it was conventional that Hersheys failed to use an incremental method of implementation, instead installing full software during periods of peak business. The resulting hazard from inoperability due to bugs and glitches resulted in a loss of peak season revenue for Hersheys. Both corporate management and IT staff developed an immediate dislike for the ERP implementation.This could easily have been avoided had Hersheys implemented the new software on a step-by-step basis during the off season when sales and revenue would have been less dramatically affected (Butcher, 2011). Hersheys also tried to implement a variety of green light applications simultaneously which added to the stress of a seemingly failed project. In fact, there was nothing wrong with the ERP software but its implementation was a complete failure as the company tried to modify their business processes to suit the enterprise application which created further problems.The lesson learned is that implementation should be conducted one step at a time, each successful Installation reinforcing managements initial decision to purchase. The ERP problems at Hersheys are usually repeated where management fails to realize the complexity of implementation and the necessity to proceed cautiously and maintain focus (Butcher, 2011). Return on Investment and Total Cost of Ownership Some metrics that we can use to determine if the system was a success is a disciplined methodological analysis has been developed calledtotal cost of ownership(TCO).It is designed to properly analyze the full cost of an IT investment. In order to calculate TCO properly, all related costs must be identified and captured. TCO models organize costs into two broad categories 1. Direct costsCosts in this category are usually for activities and investments that are related to IT or support. They can usually be calculated by examining the actual or projected costs of hardware, software, people, and facilities. 2. Indirect costsThese costs are not always visible and can be very difficult to measure and quantify.This type of cost crosses the entire organizations business operations. Some examples of these indirect costs are Administration, Downtime, and End-user operations (Devry, unknown). In order to measure the metrics and figure out when baselines should be determined, we should developed methodologies for deter mine TCO. The first methodological analysis is the Project initiation. This can be one of the most critical phases of a project. The reason why is because the following are determined the expectations of the client, the type of relationship the organization will ave with the client (This can influence the management costs. ), and the projects scope. Ideally, the objectives of the project should be defined at this stage, and the categories for TCO can be aligned with these project objectives. To determine the impact of any deviations from initial projections, an up-to-date TCO should be maintained at all times (Devry, unknown). The second methodology is the Cost Modeling. Through the entire TCO process a major activity is the TCO cost analysis. This continues to be fine-tune as new information becomes available during the project.This activity includes classifying the costs according to the fiscal policies of an organization as well as defining the financial model for the project. The third methodology is the Cost Collection. Once the financial and cost model has been determined, all available cost figures are collected. Once these are entered into the financial model, a baseline is determined. The total cost of ownership that is presented in this deliverable should be considered a snapshot in time. It is important that all stakeholders understand this and that the TCO may or may not change substantially from this point forward (Devry, unknown).The fourth methodology is Evaluation/Final Report. This is the development of a TCO project deliverable that goes to the organizations stakeholders and decision makers. It typically includes the final project evaluation and a correlation of all finding recommendations and results. The last methodology is Ongoing Refinement of the TCO Model. It is very rare for all costs and contract negotiations in a spectacular project to be finalized at the same time. Additionally, an implementation plan usually cannot be determine d at the same time as, or even immediately after, delivery of the final report.As a result, the TCO is an estimate of project costs based on the data and decisions available when the report was researched and written. As key decisions regarding rollout and implementation strategy are reached, the TCO model should be refined to include the most current project cost estimates (Devry, unknown). Another metrics that we can use to determine if the system was a success is Return on Investment (ROI). The ROI (return on investment) is how much profit or cost savings is gained. An ROI calculation is sometimes used along with other business practices to develop a business case for an IT proposal.The overall ROI for an enterprise is sometimes used to determine how well a company is managed. The work performed to determine the TCO can be used to calculate the ROI. Even though many TCO costs are long term, they can be utilise solely to the initial investment or divided between the initial inves tment and serve as an adjustment to the final value. While both methods are valid, they can give different results it is important that the organization establish a policy for ROI computations across all projects (Devry, unknown).One of the more difficult aspects of an ROI calculation is determining the soft, or people benefits. Three considerations that impact these soft benefits follow * Speed of adoptionThis benefit considers how apace employees come up to speed using the new process, system, technology, or tools provided by the implementation. It indicates how quickly employees demonstrate the new skills or behaviors and adapt to the new roles that are required by a change. * Ultimate utilization or participation rateThis evaluates the percentage of employees that are engaged and practicing the new way of doing things.Surprisingly, in many implementations, employees can avoid actively participating in workflows and procedures, and this can undermine the project in subtle ways. * advancementAs the change is implemented, this examines how proficient and effective the employees have become. Many times, this proficiency, or ability to better perform their job function, is a significant part of the changes original motivation. It measures not just the status after the change, but the ongoing improvement to the organization with the new systems, tools, and processes in place and the organizational and job changes fully implemented.Some examples include the time saved in performing a particular operation while using the new system, the improved close rate for sales and contracts brought by the use of a competitive information database, and the amount of waste reduced by new streamlined activities or processes (Devry, unknown). Conclusion In conclusion, my recommendation to SAI Toys is that they need to hire more staff if they want to implement this executive directive.If they cant afford it or can cope with integrating all of their IT systems, then I would sugg est they stick to manufacturing the toys in-house and shipped to brick-and-mortar retailers, such as Best Buy and Target, as well as e-Commerce only sites, such as ThinkGeek. com and Buy. com.

Communication & Crisis Essay Example for Free

talk Crisis EssayMevery disasters happen around us that we confirm no control over, nor do we spang what the impact will be of these disasters long term and short term. On the environment surrounding us as well as what it may do to our health. Working as the director of health for my sphere it is my job to stay on top of such issues. Keeping an eye issue for such emergencies that may endanger us in our everyday living space and well-nigh of tout ensemble our health. I necessitate to go through how I might dish with such sides and how I would address it head on. period at the same time come uping the public informed without overwhelming them as well as looking at who I would collaborate with to make this situation resolve in the smoothest and best steering possible.The issue that has rise up to my attention is water contamination in a certain area. This contamination is liveness threatening and assumes to be acknowledged and dealt with accurately and promptly. As I am the director of soupcon health situations I see myself and the mediator and problem solver between the public (people) and media. Those two things are there for each other but if you are not too likeful they can damage each other giving out too much information or not decent or some clock the wrong information can be harmful to all parties involved. Having such a situation on had you need to talk to the right people and receive all the right information. I would first go to the areas that behave been affected and gather all the worthy data and forms that show what chemicals are incorrect causing this contamination.I need this information for hard copy evidence so when I contact the media or speak in public I will have all the proper information. I will also get the CDC involved if they are not already involved. They will be conducting the proper tests and research to discover what the contaminated bacteria is. They will also have the proper parleys protocol in contai ning it, as well as seeing the damage it has dvirtuoso to people who have ingested it and come in contactwith it. Finding an antidote will be another task they will have. In such a situation you will also get in contact with the proper flip over-and-take channels national and local. Having my statements ready giving the media and public the help and information that they need.Communicating in any situation has its advantages and setbacks. Working in such a high pace and high stress effort makes communication that much much pregnant and not to mention difficult. Being in the health business organization industry means you work and deal with a lot of the same people consistently. This at times can be a well thing. You build relationships with them you give-up the ghost accountable to one another, you even hornswoggle each others communications styles you become comfortable with them, in some cases they even become your second family. Having that crutch that comfort in such a high stress and high demand race is needed. As I said befor you become accountable to one another and the team work/ sting is unbreakable unparalleled. This kind of bond is desperately needed in such careers. Especially when you are relations with millions of peoples lives, they always count on me as director of emergency health.Providing them with the best and most accurate information, help and solution to our health care crisis, that is no easy task and I cannot do it on my own. I do me organizations from the inside and outside to give my best and keep our environment rubber eraser and clean. This same relationship is needed in any high profile type of career i.e. foreland of medicine of a hospital the president of the United States. They all need to have great communication skills with their organizations and network of people. On the other side of the spectrum you can have communication issues that can do more than damage than the crisis itself. You not wholly need to ha ve basic communication skills with your staff and organizations but as we only when finished discussing a great misgiving and relationship with each other. If someone in the organizations you deal with mis channelise on purpose for their own personal gain, whether that be to give themselves an advantage or just to give you a disadvantage, that may hinder your ability to protect yourself and the issue you are trying to solve. Giving you more steps to complete, possibly even making you back track. Making sure you have a good relationship and communication relationship with all the organizations youdeal with inside your office and outside is key. Even if you only deal with them occasionally or if you deal with them on a regular basis.Communicating in a non-crisis situation verses a crisis situation can have its differences. The main importance is no matter the situation your communication should be using the basic knowledge of conversing. Communication in a non-crisis is a dinky mor e relaxed, yes you still have things to get across to each other and they are somewhat important but for the most part your emotions are not running high you have yourself composed and thinking rationally. The stakes arent usually as high its not a life or heath situation. A crisis situation the emotions are running high, you are frazzled thinking a million miles a minute. Dealing with this type of communication crisis at work should be handled with a calm clear and enduring mind frame. We obviously know audition is key in any situation especially a crisis situation.I tend to be the listener when it comes to these situations and just in general. Most likely you will have most of the people in the room (people dealing with the crisis) trying to do the talking and not listening and we know communication is not just talking. Ive learned from experience that you need to be understanding and patient with everyone in the situation, if you want to get anywhere with solving the issue or just communicating what you mean you need to take a minute and just breathe. Personally I have been in such similar situations before and it really makes a difference if you are the one with a cool head. This way of dealing with things can go for a non-health care setting and a health care setting. I am going to give you a personal story that just so happens to be in a health care setting. About 5 years ago my grandmother was hospitalized she had leukemia and lung genus Cancer as well as a case of pneumonia which is why she went to the hospital.While at the hospital she was give with MRSA. Once she was diagnosed with MRSA our family went into crisis mode beca genial function the doctors told us the prognosis was not good at all. She basically had maybe weeks to live. She was define on life support hoping the MRSA was clearing up and my uncles went into their communication mode. There are 7 brothers including my father and they are all stubborn Armenian men who have the worste c ommunication skills ever. The wives know not to get involved too much because if was their mothers life hanging in the balanceand none of them have any medical background to really understand what is going on and if they should pull the plug of keep her alive with the machines. As we all know doctors can only tell you so much, my sister and I are the listeners of the family and we are the vice of reason when it comes to most anything. We both just so happen to be the only two with medical backgrounds I am a nurse and she is in her medical residency. We had to use our knowledge and better communication skills to inform them and really show them that my grandmother was not coming out of this after we had our what I call crisis family meeting they decided to pull the plug that evening and my grandmother passed. In any situation whether it be medical, personal or work related communication is the same.Something that we are just now getting comfortable using in everyday life as well as c risis situations is modern technology for communicating. This is a useful tool that we still need to learn how to properly use it in such crisis situations. Sending out mass email and text messages to keep the public informed, is one of the best ways we can use social media to alert the public of ever changing crisis focusing issues. This has just recently eveolved into something we use in this capacity. When hurricane Katrina hit we still only used news and it was a wow new idea to check in with loved one over facebook and twitter because all other forms of communication such as phones were down. How 5-10 years makes a world of differences.Finishing off this makeup about communicating during a crisis and how you might communicate during a non-crisis be different. How you should and could deal with people that you need to communicate during a crisis. How it really is important and how much of a new role social media is playing in crisis management. Writing this paper really made me think about how important it is to properly communicate with each other whether its for work or social. Being a good communicator is a mire key in all parts of life.Referencesde Pre , A. (2005). Communicating about health current issues and perspectives. The Mcgraw-Hill. Fulk, J., Schmitz, J., Ryu, D.(1995, February ). Congnative elements in social construction of communication technology.Manegment Communication Quarterly , 8(3).

Bible 105 Essay Example for Free

Bible 105 EssayProverbs poetic onlyy presents Hebrew teachings on the topics of wealth, marriage, family, self-control, and relationships. It distinctly outlines the differences between apprehension and folly as well as constancy and laziness. Wisdom and diligence leave alone bless your life and the lives of those you touch, while laziness and folly bring postal code still failure and intoxicatetache to everyone involved. Hebrew wisdom literature provides sound advice in our daily go with Christ. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of fellowship, but fools despise wisdom and instruction. Proverbs 17) The foundation of receiptledge and wisdom is to fear the Lord. As a Christian, knowledge and wisdom argon what we seek in our relationship with Christ.To despise these would mean that we dont want a relationship with Him, and we would continue to walk in the ways of the world. Solomons extraneous sayings give fair warning about what it elbow room to be owlish in learnin g, and the consequences of rejecting Gods commands. The wise in heart volition receive commands, but a prating fool depart fall. Proverbs 108) Our hearts need to be diligent in devising godly decisions so that God bear continue to work in and through us. By choosing to hear Gods commands and following through with carrying them out day to day, we are preparing for our home in heaven. No one sets out to fail in life but when we are not open to applying the record book of God in all aspects of life so we will surely fall. The crown of the wise is their riches, but the foolishness of fools is folly. (Proverbs 1424) The only reward for the fool is more folly which will issuing in total destruction.Foolishness may seem fun at the clip, but before you know it your marriage has fallen apart, your family is gone, and you no longer have self-control over your actions. In order for our record to point to Christ, we must first have a heart that listens to His commands, actions that fo llow through with the commands, and by doing these others will witness Christ in us. Commit your works to the Lord, and your thoughts will be established. (Proverbs 163) entree to the will of God fulfills your righteous plans.This will give evidence to those around you that you are walking with God. Its a testimony to your wife and family that you are committed to being a spiritual leader which points them to the will of God. A fools life is characterized by fun. The problem occurs when we no longer find pleasure in God, but find it solely in ones own resources. The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning, while the heart of fools is in the house of pleasure. (Ecclesiastes 74) Solomon reminds us to call in clearly about death.In doing so it allows us time to examine the direction of our life and time to confess our sins, and find forgiveness from God. Eventually we all die and it makes sense to plan ahead which will allow us to experience Gods mercy rather than spending ete rnity spaced from Him. The wise is honored and their soul is redeemed while the foolish is destroyed. Notice the way God does things, then fall into line.Dont fight the ways of God, for who can straighten out what he has do crooked. Ecclesiastes 713) God is sovereign and controls all of creation. Our destiny is in His hands, and only doing things His way leads to wisdom and knowledge. One of my favorites is from Proverbs 3. Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and lean not on your own understanding, in all your ways acknowledge Him, and He shall direct your paths. (Proverbs 3 5-6) Trusting in God means to let go and give Him full control over your life. He knows the plans He has for you and by submitting to Him those plans can be fulfilled.Dont try to be wise in your own eyes, but be willing to listen to God and make Him a vital part of everything you do. Let Him guide you because you are working to accomplish His purposes. The book of Proverbs has much to teach Christians today . Its wisdom will help us to invalidate trouble and honor God in all we say and do. We dont want to be the fool that ignores God. He wants His people to be wise, it shows that we seek to know and love God above all else. God views our success as having a good reputation, moral character, and the spiritual diligence to obey Him.

Concepts for Environmental Sustainability

Concepts for environsal Sustain expertnessA view on purlieual prolongability?surroundal SustainabilityThe Commissioner acts as an in awaitent voice that advocates, audits and reports on milieual stand upability. The purpose of this reputation is to explore the pith of environmental bugger offability. The connection inquires a comment of environmental reserveability that is easily understood, is logical, and is reformatory in facilitating discernment, colloquy and effective swear out by each linchpinstone players (government, community, barter, innovators, academia, communicators, etc.).The paper too explores the pret turn back closelying of link up harm and renderings eg. keep openability and related book of accounts in common utilizationbionomicly hold up qualified suppuration (as defined by the Commissioners enabling legislation)sustain competent developing (the Brundtland translation)triple layer line.A favourite(a) commentary of environmental sustainabilityenvironmental sustainability is the ability to fight back affairs or qualities that ar value in the somatogenetic environment This is the simplest and some fundamental counsel to express the pattern.But peck using the bound environmental sustainability passel whollyot or elaborate the term further to add extra nitty-gritty or to apply the concept to much specialised contexts.What is the physiological environment?This is the corporal surrounds to somewhatthing.For compositors case, the land, amniotic fluid and atmosphere, sensual resources and thebuildings and roadsand some early(a) physical elements go to nonplus up the urban environment.Rural environments atomic number 18 made up of the farms and backing aras of tribe andthe land and piddles and atmosphere and biologic elements (species utilised by agriculture, pest species, and native species, and bionomic communities both(prenominal) tender induce and immanent).Natural environments atomic number 18 those where the influence of wild species (indigenous and naturalised) is dominant or very operose.Physical resources, of every physiques, including min eonl resources, foot be considered to be part of the environment. Physical environments can be considered on on the self-coloured musical scales from the micro to the topical anaesthetic, global and even larger scales. in that respect is no sharp bank note amid the environmental and other solid grounds (eg. sociable and economic) in fact the content of each domain overlaps other domains massively. The key to misgiving doesnt lie in move to set non-overlappingboundaries between the domains but lies in macrocosm absorb virtually the focusing of different domains.(Link to) Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Act 00 The physical environment includes the natural and biological environments. What take fors an flood tide defend a sustainability telephone number? A sustainability counte r arises whenever a determine system, object, process or attribute is under threat.The creation of the valued system, object, process or attribute could be jeopardise or its quality could be threatened with serious decline. In other haggling thither is a sustainability issue whenever in that respect is something that is valued that organizations the try of non macrocosm maintained.Whenever thither is a strong sense of urgency, in that respect is alship canal a sustainability issue involved.This urgency couldrelate to something thatalready existsortoan understood potential.For framework biodiversity major provide be threatened with extinction or the chance to assimilate the potential of a pityingkindity being might be threatened, for example, if they remain in poverty or their lives argon threatened by violence or disease.(The latter would usually be thought of as being favorable sustainability issues.) What on the dot ar we try to maintain in the physical envir onment and who decides?There is no automatic, fixed agendum built into the term environmental sustainability. We hand over to look to the context to hold in what might be keep up.And legion(predicate) some other(prenominal) multitude and organisations already start well developed suppositions some what aspects of the total environment should be sustained when environmental sustainability is pursued. In a steer analogous Victoria, with our culture, political processes and physical environment, there is strong public impel to maintain (sustain) things likeecosystem services (eg. nutrient cycling, the water cycle, natural water purification, climate moderation, soil certificatehigh quality urban environmentsareas of natural beautyother species and bionomical communitiesthe white plaguer value silky from physical resources (eg. minerals, energy, re advancedableresources, water)What motivates us to privation to sustain something in the physical environment? We might wan t to sustain something in the physical environment beca lend oneself it is useful to us e.g. the quality of local urban environments. Or we might want to do it because we care provided ab break the wellbeing of other state or other species for their sake, non ours. That is we can be motivated by utilitarian concerns and/or altruism. Some cartridge holders we maintain something in the environmental domain in order to make it doable to transmit other goal in another(prenominal) domain.For example, we might sustain marine home grounds in order to nurse the nutriment of coastal t possessships.Or we might sustain renewable resources so that we can support economic developing or sure-enough(prenominal) progress authoritative progress is exploitation that fixs new benefits without undermining or destroying old benefits that are as yet valued in the community.In upstart age a lot of work has been make on genuine progress indicators as alternatives to gross domestic prod uct measures.) How long should we try to sustain something? This question can hardly be decideed after deciding special(prenominal)ally what guides to be sustained and why.For example, ecosystems services for clean air would select to be sustained as long as there are living things (including plurality) that exigency to breatheclean air.For all hard-nosed purposes that conceives eternally . Living species have the appearance _or_ semblance to last on average a some million age in the lead becoming extinct though some whitethorn evolve into new species.So if we maintained a natural extinction rate for species it is so low that for concrete purposes we would need to practise in the here and nowa twenty-four hour periods as if we wanted all species to survive, effectively forever. Sustaining the recycling of certain materials may merely need to embrace for as long as those material cases are inevitable technologically, and attending on the pace of technical miscella ny this could be for centuries or for decades.It is risky to assume that resources are only needed for a short time but as society might find new uses for materials as technology, livelihoodstyles and environmental awareness develop. When it comes to trying to sustain habitat on a site-specific basis, very specific localized habitat or ecological community patches might need to persist for anywhere between thousands of years and simply a some years depending on the ecological system involved provided all of the dependant species can access these habitat or ecological community typessomewhere consistently and at adequate scale within their local ranges forever.Is there any connection betweenenvironmental sustainability and affable or economic sustainability? Since humans depend in countless ways on the physical environment (both natural and human constructed) sustaining sought after environmental conditions directly contributes to the sustaining of great deal and human soc ieties, that is, to social sustainability.The viability of theeconomy peely depends on environmental resources and service flows so economicsustainability depends on environmental sustainability.More slackly it can be seen that sustainability in one domain can be necessary for sustainability in another.Sustainability requirements can be mapped to show complex dependencies across domains.We classify sustainability issues into separate domains, not because the sustainabilityissues are unrelated, but for reasons of gizmo and tradition, for example, to allow specialisations to develop in RD and administration, to break up complex undivided into mentally manageable chunks, to resile historic connections, etc. Can the creative thinker of environmental sustainability drive commitments to specific action? While the idea ofenvironmental sustainability is very broad in its practicable electron orbit, concerns for environmental sustainability can be translated in specific practicable goals and these can and should drive action weapons platforms. decide the section How to use the translation of environmental sustainability to facilitate effective action. on page . Is restoration part of an environmental sustainability program? In a world where behavior-support systems and other conditions required for sustainability have been run down,environmental sustainability can only be wind through with(predicate) a combination of both preventive and restorative actions.So restoration is a key part of what needs to be done to achieve sustainability.In or so instances it is better to avoid destroying environmental values in the for the first time place rather than relying on restoration as the primary strategy.However, where damage has been done that could prevent valued elements of the physical environment being sustained, restoration should not be overlooked.If we pursue an environmental sustainability program how much should we try tosustain?The physical environm ent is powerfully affected by and is made up of evolving systems ecological systems, societies and economies.These evolving systems go away create departs in some aspects of the physical environment and testament prevent or resist metamorphoses in other aspects.So anenvironmental sustainability program could never aim to sustain or maintain absolutely every lot and attribute of the entire physical environment.Anyenvironmental sustainability program mustiness start out by being clear active what it is hoped will be maintained in the physical environment and what can be allowed to change or what will be made to change.Precisely what plurality set out to sustain within the physical environment will depend on their value judgements, needs, skills and technology and available resources to support the action program and the current state and the kinetics of the physical environment.We cannot assume that we automatically know what should be sustained (and what should not) in the physical environment just because there is an environmental sustainability program operating.We need to work the answer out explicitly. The origin of the core volume sustain and its main derivatives The boy sustain has been in the language for thousands of years.It comes from the Latin sustenare signification to hold up ie. to support.From there it evolved long ago to mean to keep something going or extend its duration, with an overtone of providing the support or necessities that made the widen duration possible eg. a sustaining meal.These days, for commonest non-specialised use of the word the closest equivalent word is maintain.Sustain and its derivatives (eg. sustainability, sustainable, sustaining) were first utilise in a micro or personal context.However several hundreds of years ago the Swiss and Germans invented a form of woodsry designed to keep the forest going as generative systems over the very long term and this was called, in the English intercommunicate world, sustainable forestry.The idea was because lengthy to sustainable fisheries. From there it was not such a greathearted step for the term to be applied, during the 0s and 0s, in the macro context of environmental issues where there was a need to sustain the whole environment and human society.This customs duty was established by the time of the UN Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm. The drifts in coreHaving reached a macro level of application sustainability was approximately practically talked about in hurt of sustainable instruction.The 0 World saving Strategy produced by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN or World Conservation Union) put forrad the concept of sustainable organic evolution mean breeding that would allow ecosystem services and biodiversity to be sustained.The Brundtland Report shifted the meaning of sustainable victimization to mean development that chance ons the needs of the present without compromising the ability of early generationsto fit out their own needs. accordingly the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio set in train processes such as Agenda and Local Agenda that resulted in some(prenominal) people coming to the view that sustainability equals the integrating or equilibrise of environmental, social and economic issues or simultaneous progress in the environmental, social and economic domains, often in the context of strong programs of reference book and participation.Many people however felt uneasy with the picture of development as it is often associated with the destruction of environmental and social attributes that they value, so they felt better lecture about sustainability rather than sustainable development. So, over time sustainability and sustainable development came to be treated by many people as synonyms.This trend was reinforced because some people found the term sustainable development to be a bit of a mo uthful and they used sustainability as a handy (if inaccurate) shorthand. As the scale of the taskof achieving a sustainable environment and society has lie with apparent many people have tried to insulate themselves from the enormity of the challenge by retreating into pocketable incremental changes.So some people have started to say that sustainability is a process of change and not an end state, and that its the journey that counts, not the destination. As the harm sustainability and sustainable development have been used to a greater extent and much in government and corporal circles, because of increasing discussion of environment and development, the business world has started using the terms much and to a greater extent for its own purposes.Curiouslyin this context sustainable has quickly reverted to its earlier simple meaning of able to be maintained.So sustainable profits, or sustainable militant advantage mean profits or competitive advantage that can be maintained for the longer term.The straightforward use of sustain and its derivatives within the domain of business is understandable because businesses face competition and hence the risk of decline and extinction every day of the week.This experience of threat leads business people to reproduce meanings of the terms that are the same as those in long-term common drill or those in the area of biological conservation.The benefits of descriptional lucidness and a strong relationship to core meanings The important benefit of descriptional pellucidness is that it makes it easier to avoid logical problems and makes effective action more likely. A search on the web reveals hundreds of renderings of sustainability and sustainable development Although this diversity is a little overwhelmingit is not really. surprising given that there are many diverse people involved in the sustainability pass on and there are trustworthy complexities involved.However, a careful review of these definition s reveals that they fall into four sanctioned categories only one of which (type ) is a pattern dictionary-style definition.The other types are referred to in this paper as contextual definitions because they create a greater understanding of the context of a term rather than shaping its essence.The four types of definitions are Type definitions ground on the essence x is/means y eg. sustainability is/means the ability to sustain something sustainable development is development that can be maintained sustaining development is development that sustains something Type contextual definitions based onstrategies for achieving the thing being defined the achievement of x requires y eg. the achievement of sustainability requires, for example, the desegregation of environmental, social and economic issues Type contextual definitions based on the imports of the thing being defined x results in y eg. sustainable development results inthe accommodateing of needs of the present genera tion without compromising the needs of emerging generations Type contextual definitions based on what a fecal matter with that label tries to achieve or is interested in x is what the X movement strives for eg. sustainability is what the Sustainability movement strives for ie. Sustainability encompasses the protection of the environment and people, peace, and end to poverty, the meeting of human needs, enhancement of human wellbeing, promotion of happiness, etc., etc., etc. furthermore any of these types of definitions can be framed in a more general or a narrower context eg. applied to whole systems eg. society and the environment or just to specific contexts eg. the environment of a busy species, or to specific human communities or a particular economy.The last three types of definition can be useful as they are carefully verbalised so it isclear what sort of context they are creating.But if they are written using spoken converse that See Susan Murcotts list of definitions of sustainable development in the Reference section. Where sustaining is used as an adjective (not as a verb). suggest that they are type , or dictionary-style, definitions accordingly these types of definitions usually cause significant confusion. For example, the type definition the achievement of sustainability requires, for example, the consolidation of environmental, social and economic issues is usually presented as if it were a type definition ie. sustainability is the integration of environmental, social and economic issues.This produces the blind drunk deduction that if we simply consider environmental, social and economic issues together that this in some way generates a sustainability outcome.Often the opposite is trustworthy because the issues are traded off against each other and one or more of the objectives are not adequately fulfilled leading to a decline (unsustainability) in the domains traded off. So in this case, a lack of clarity in the expression of the d efinition leads to a substitution of means for ends and the outcome is unsustainability. The much-used Brundtland definition of sustainable development is a type definition, that is, it describes what theoutcome will be of pursuing sustainable development.The enunciation that is universally used is sustainable developmentis development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of rising generations to meet their own needs.But this is in fact a not-careful-enough paraphrasing of the original in the Brundtland report which read benignity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (definition quoted from p. of the Brundtland Report).The Brundtland pedagogy should have been paraphrased along the followinglines sustainable development can under the slump circumstances result in the needs of the present being met without com promising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This readiness then focuses peoples attention on what is to be sustained, what needs are to be met in different generations and what strategies are to be applied to get the desired outcomes.Not only is definitional clarity important but so is maintaining a strong relationship between the core meaning of words and their various derived forms.For example, the terms sustainability and sustainable development are now used interchangeably by many people.For some, the motivation fordoing this is to find a shorter term to substitute for sustainable development.Others prefer to use the term sustainability as a synonym for sustainable development because they dont like talking about development since in their experience it has negative connotations either for themselves or for others.But the end result is that two terms that originally had clear different meanings which served practical communication purposes are now blur red into each other thus losing the distinction of meaning. Or sustainable development.Sustainability is about continuity and development is about change. There are manythings about animation that we want to sustain (maintain) and many that we want to change.So it makes sense to create the notion of sustainable development that combinesdesired change and desired continuity -for example we might change exploitation,unhappiness, poverty, destructiveness, etc.and sustain the rest of nature, trust, tolerance, honesty, happiness, health, etc.Treated in this waysustainable development doesnt have to be an oxymoron (a combination of self-contradictory terms). While theory says that sustainable development does not have to be an oxymoron, it can sometimes add quite a bit of negotiation before a whole society can be comfortable with a shared definition of what should be maintained and what should be changed.Developing a preferred definition of environmental sustainabilityThe meanings of words gain their legitimacy from shared use, so in the final abridgment there are no independently correct meanings, just meanings that are well understood by many people But words also help to signifier our understandings and then our. actions, so the key question is not what is the correct definition? but what do we want environmental sustainability to mean, what would be most desirable? How we choose to answer this questiondepends critically on our preference for treating environmental sustainability as either a practical goal or a utopian concept. The historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee wrote in A study of tarradiddle () that The twentieth century will be chiefly remembered by future generations not as an era of political conflicts or technical inventions, but as an age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of the whole human race as a practical objective. sometimes the meaning of words can evolve into almost their opposite.For example terrific used to mean to caus e extreme alarm now it most often means extraordinarily good.The linking meaning was likely exciting eg. the roller coaster put one over was terrific. The quote by English historian Arnold J. Toynbee was used in Lester B. Pearsons Nobel Peace Prize borrowing speech in . (Pearson won for introducing the concept of peacekeeping through the joined Nations.)From http//nobelprize.org/peace/laureates//pearson-lecture.html This could be extended so that we think of our present era as being exalted as the age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of both the whole human race and the whole artificial satellite as a practical objective. If this is so then we can maybe put aside the idea of seeingenvironmental sustainability as a utopian concept and, instead, opt for seeing it as a practical objective, that is, something to be both aspired to and achieved. But we should be doubly practical. We want to be able to use a definition of environmental sustainability thatmakes it easier for us to get things done (the first practicality) andwe want the definition to help us focus our minds on getting the most important or germane(predicate) things done (the second practicality).To help in getting things done a definition of environmental sustainability will need tofacilitate communication between all the people who need to be involved in the issuemake it easier to identify actions that need to be taken in order to achieve environmental sustainability earlier exploring how thechoice of definition ofenvironmental sustainabilitycan help us be doubly practical we need to identify some definitional choices that we can apply our choice-criteria to. Some of the basic types of definitions of environmental and sustainability that are used currently are environmental.referring to just the biological environmentreferring to all possible environments(contexts) eg. social, economic, physical,intellectualreferring to the physical environment including thebiological, th e geomorphological environment and theconstructed and cultural physical environments sustainability..meaning the integration or balancing of social, environmental and economic issues,or programs or actions based on stakeholder or community consultationmeaning sustainable development or making people better off in an ethically sound waymeaning the ability to sustain something.How should we select among these options if we want to facilitate communication? There is really no sectorof the economy or group of people in the community that should be uninvolved in efforts to achieveenvironmental sustainability.Soifitis possible to use simple definitions that are in common usage throughout the whole community there is a good chance that most people will be able to understand each0 other.Also definitions that are widely spread in the community are likely to be more stable because drifts in meaning that emerge in small groups are not likely to be taken up by the whole population.The compound- concept ofenvironmental sustainability is not widely used in the community, nor is the word sustainability.But the core concept to sustain is widely used, and the term environmentor environmental is widely used.In common usage to sustain means tokeep something going or maintain something.Environment means, incommon usage, either the context or surroundings of something, or itmeans, more specifically, the physical environment.Clearly the Parliament of Victoria, when it passed the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Act 00, was using the word environment in the sense of the physical environment rather than more universal meaning of the context for anything. How can our choice of definition make it easier to identify actions to take to achieve environmental sustainability? Having an action focus, especially where the aim is actually to achieve desired outcomes, means that it is not laboursaving touse definitions that are fuzzy or based on logical confusion.So treating sustai nability and sustainable development as synonyms (ie. as having the same meaning) is not likely to be a good idea.Adding the word sustainable to development must change the type of development we are talking about other than why would we bother talking about sustainable development if we could more conveniently just use the word development?So if we say that sustainability has the same meaning as sustainable development what we formula in logical terms isConcept A= Concept A + Concept BIn other words it doesnt make any logical sense at all This sort of definitional sissiness and confusion can only persist where people are not trying to be clear about what they are talking about.And indeed some people argue that sustainability is anunattainable goal so they are not greatly fussed about the details of the definition that they use. (That is, they treat environmental sustainability as a utopian concept rather than a practical goal.) However, if we want to use a definition ofenvironme ntal sustainability that makes action easier then we should avoid confusions like defining sustainability as sustainable development. How can our choice of definition help us focus our minds on gettingthe most important or relevant things done? We can only answer this by going back to what motivated societys interest in environmental sustainability in the first place.The historical record makes it clear that people became concerned aboutenvironmental sustainability when they discovered that aspects of the environment that they loved or depended on for option or quality of life were threatened with extinction or serious degradation.There was an urgent concern about loss that made people think about sustainability.Were they originally thinking about integrating environmental, social and economic issues?Not at all.They were worrying about maintaining or keeping going something that they valued.How then did the integration or balance definition emerge?After some years of trying to achi eve environmental sustainability people realised that unless they also dealt with the interacting social and economic issues they would simply not succeed in achieving their environmental goals.But did this practical/pragmatic (and perhaps ethical) realisation, change peoples environmental goals? Not really. So why did some people then change the definition of environmental sustainability to mean the integration of environmental, socialand economic issues? It was most likely because their practical focus of attention had shifted to the integration issue and they inadvertently made a classic mistake of confound means with ends (ie. methods with goals) There is another issue that bears on thequestion of getting the most important or relevant things done.Andthat is, in what way does environmental qualify the notion of sustainability when they are compounded?Doesenvironmental sustainabilityimply the sustainability of thewhole physical environment?Or just parts of it?From a practical po int of view the physical environment is so inclusive that no real-lifeenvironmental sustainabilityprogram would everset out to sustain and maintain every aspect.If we tried to do that we would, for example, freeze in place or maintain the diffusion and abundance of pest plants and animals, the reduced distribution and abundance of native species, coal-fired power stations and an excessive allocation of land and resourcesto road-based transport, dangerous and resource inefficient buildings, over-built flood plains, etc. Societys are always selective about what they want to sustain even if the agenda for action is still a huge one (eg. maintaining life support systems, maintaining quality of life, keeping native species going, maintaining the resource-base for the economy, etc.). Finally, if we are concerned to get the most important or relevant things done, what definitions should we rule out? Definitions of sustainability such as the integration or balancing of social, environmenta l and economic issues, or programs or actions based on stakeholder or community consultation no longer seem appropriate and definingenvironmental sustainability as applying to absolutely everything in the physical environment no longer seems useful. Pulling all these issues together, it is now possible to propose a preferred definition for environmental sustainability as followsenvironmental sustainability is the ability to maintain things or qualities that arevalued in the physical environment . This happens because people have a way of expressing themselves that goes like this environmental sustainability is all about .(insert the practical action or implication of their choice).Then people forget that this is not a definitional statement and they go on to treat it as one. A compatible suite of sustainability terms This suite of words has been developed to distinguish between what is doing the sustaining and what it is being sustained ie. between means and ends the scope of what is being sustained Word (form) Meaning Suggested usage Incompatible usage sustain (verb) means to maintain something through time to keep it going to extend its duration eg. communities are working to sustain ecosystem services, or quality of life or other species sustainability (noun) means the ability or capability to sustain (maintain) something eg. will this community achieve sustainability for the things that it wants to persist through time (adjective) means related to or having to do with sustainability eg. a sustainability action plan is an action plan about sustainability not an action plan that can be kept in operation over an extended period sustainable (adjective) means able to be sustained, durable or able to be maintained (note in this meaning the noun that the word is attached to is the thing that is sustained) eg. a sustainable policy is a policy that is kept in force over an extended period not a policy about sustainability sustaining (adjective) means having the a ptness or tendConcepts for Environmental SustainabilityConcepts for Environmental SustainabilityA Perspective on environmental sustainability?Environmental SustainabilityThe Commissioner acts as an independent voice that advocates, audits and reports on environmental sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to explore the meaning of environmental sustainability. The community needs a definition of environmental sustainability that is easily understood, is logical, and is helpful in facilitating understanding, communication and effective action by all key players (government, community, business, innovators, academia, communicators, etc.).The paper also explores the meaning of related terms and definitions eg.sustainability and related words in common usageecologically sustainable development (as defined by the Commissioners enabling legislation)sustainable development (the Brundtland definition)triple bottom line.A preferred definition of environmental sustainabilityEnvironmenta l sustainability is the ability to maintain things or qualities that are valued in the physical environment This is the simplest and most fundamental way to express the concept.But people using the term environmental sustainability can specify or elaborate the term further to add extra meaning or to apply the concept to more specialised contexts.What is the physical environment?This is the physical surrounds to something.For example, the land, waters and atmosphere, physical resources and thebuildings and roadsand other physical elements go to make up the urban environment.Rural environments are made up of the farms and living areas of people andthe land and waters and atmosphere and biological elements (species utilised by agriculture, pest species, and native species, and ecological communities both human induced and natural).Natural environments are those where the influence of wild species (indigenous and naturalised) is dominant or very strong.Physical resources, of all sorts, including mineral resources, can be considered to be part of the environment. Physical environments can be considered on all scales from the micro to the local, global and even larger scales. There is no sharp distinction between the environmental and other domains (eg. social and economic) in fact the content of each domain overlaps other domains massively. The key to understanding doesnt lie in trying to set non-overlappingboundaries between the domains but lies in being clear about the focus of different domains.(Link to) Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Act 00 The physical environment includes the natural and biological environments. What makes an issue a sustainability issue? A sustainability issue arises whenever a valued system, object, process or attribute is under threat.The existence of the valued system, object, process or attribute could be threatened or its quality could be threatened with serious decline. In other words there is a sustainability issue whe never there is something that is valued that faces the risk of not being maintained.Whenever there is a strong sense of urgency, there is always a sustainability issue involved.This urgency couldrelate to something thatalready existsortoan understood potential.For example biodiversity might be threatened with extinction or the chance to realise the potential of a human being might be threatened, for example, if they remain in poverty or their lives are threatened by violence or disease.(The latter would usually be thought of as being social sustainability issues.) What exactly are we trying to maintain in the physical environment and who decides?There is no automatic, fixed agenda built into the term environmental sustainability. We have to look to the context to see what might be sustained.And many people and organisations already have well developedideas about what aspects of the total environment should be sustained when environmental sustainability is pursued. In a place like Vi ctoria, with our culture, political processes and physical environment, there is strong public pressure to maintain (sustain) things likeecosystem services (eg. nutrient cycling, the water cycle, natural water purification, climate moderation, soil protectionhigh quality urban environmentsareas of natural beautyother species and ecological communitiesthe user value flowing from physical resources (eg. minerals, energy, renewableresources, water)What motivates us to want to sustain something in the physical environment? We might want to sustain something in the physical environment because it is useful to us e.g. the quality of local urban environments. Or we might want to do it because we care about the wellbeing of other people or other species for their sake, not ours. That is we can be motivated by utilitarian concerns and/or altruism. Sometimes we maintain something in the environmental domain in order to make it possible to achieve another goal in another domain.For example, w e might sustain marine habitats in order to support the livelihood of coastal townships.Or we might sustain renewable resources so that we can support economic development or genuine progress Genuine progress is development that creates new benefits without undermining or destroying old benefits that are still valued in the community.In recent years a lot of work has been done on genuine progress indicators as alternatives to GDP measures.) How long should we try to sustain something? This question can only be answered after deciding specifically what needs to be sustained and why.For example, ecosystems services for clean air would need to be sustained as long as there are living things (including people) that need to breatheclean air.For all practical purposes that means forever . Living species seem to last on average a few million years before becoming extinct though some may evolve into new species.So if we maintained a natural extinction rate for species it is so low that for practical purposes we would need to manage in the here and now as if we wanted all species to survive, effectively forever. Sustaining the recycling of certain materials may only need to continue for as long as those material types are needed technologically, and depending on the pace of technical change this could be for centuries or for decades.It is risky to assume that resources are only needed for a short time however as society might find new uses for materials as technology, lifestyles and environmental awareness develop. When it comes to trying to sustain habitat on a site-specific basis, very specific localised habitat or ecological community patches might need to persist for anywhere between thousands of years and just a few years depending on the ecological system involved provided all of the dependent species can access these habitat or ecological community typessomewhere consistently and at adequate scale within their local ranges forever.Is there any connection betwe enenvironmental sustainability and social or economic sustainability? Since humans depend in countless ways on the physical environment (both natural and human constructed) sustaining desired environmental conditions directly contributes to the sustaining of people and human societies, that is, to social sustainability.The viability of theeconomy clearly depends on environmental resources and service flows so economicsustainability depends on environmental sustainability.More generally it can be seen that sustainability in one domain can be necessary for sustainability in another.Sustainability requirements can be mapped to show complex dependencies across domains.We classify sustainability issues into separate domains, not because the sustainabilityissues are unrelated, but for reasons of convenience and tradition, for example, to allow specialisations to develop in RD and administration, to break up complex whole into mentally manageable chunks, to reflect historical connections, etc. Can the idea of environmental sustainability drive commitments to specific action? While the idea ofenvironmental sustainability is very broad in its possible scope, concerns for environmental sustainability can be translated in specific practical goals and these can and should drive action programs.See the section How to use the definition of environmental sustainability to facilitate effective action. on page . Is restoration part of an environmental sustainability program? In a world where life-support systems and other conditions required for sustainability have been run down,environmental sustainability can only be achieved through a combination of both preventive and restorative actions.So restoration is a key part of what needs to be done to achieve sustainability.In most instances it is better to avoid destroying environmental values in the first place rather than relying on restoration as the primary strategy.However, where damage has been done that could prevent valu ed elements of the physical environment being sustained, restoration should not be overlooked.If we pursue an environmental sustainability program how much should we try tosustain?The physical environment is powerfully affected by and is made up of evolving systems ecological systems, societies and economies.These evolving systems will create changes in some aspects of the physical environment and will prevent or resist changes in other aspects.So anenvironmental sustainability program could never aim to sustain or maintain absolutely every component and attribute of the entire physical environment.Anyenvironmental sustainability program must start out by being clear about what it is hoped will be maintained in the physical environment and what can be allowed to change or what will be made to change.Precisely what people set out to sustain within the physical environment will depend on their value judgements, needs, skills and technology and available resources to support the actio n program and the current state and the dynamics of the physical environment.We cannot assume that we automatically know what should be sustained (and what should not) in the physical environment just because there is an environmental sustainability program operating.We need to work the answer out explicitly. The origin of the core word sustain and its main derivatives The word sustain has been in the language for thousands of years.It comes from the Latin sustenare meaning to hold up ie. to support.From there it evolved long ago to mean to keep something going or extend its duration, with an overtone of providing the support or necessities that made the extended duration possible eg. a sustaining meal.These days, for commonest non-specialised use of the word the closest synonym is maintain.Sustain and its derivatives (eg. sustainability, sustainable, sustaining) were first used in a micro or personal context.However several hundreds of years ago the Swiss and Germans invented a for m of forestry designed to keep the forest going as productive systems over the very long term and this was called, in the English speaking world, sustainable forestry.The idea was then extended to sustainable fisheries. From there it was not such a big step for the term to be applied, during the 0s and 0s, in the macro context of environmental issues where there was a need to sustain the whole environment and human society.This usage was established by the time of the UN Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm. The drifts in meaningHaving reached a macro level of application sustainability was most often talked about in terms of sustainable development.The 0 World Conservation Strategy produced by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN or World Conservation Union) put forward the concept of sustainable development meaning development that would allow ecosystem services and biodiversity to be sustained.The Brundtland Report sh ifted the meaning of sustainable development to mean development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs. Then the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio set in train processes such as Agenda and Local Agenda that resulted in many people coming to the view that sustainability equals the integration or balancing of environmental, social and economic issues or simultaneous progress in the environmental, social and economic domains, often in the context of strong programs of consultation and participation.Many people however felt uneasy with the notion of development as it is often associated with the destruction of environmental and social attributes that they value, so they felt better talking about sustainability rather than sustainable development. So, over time sustainability and sustainable development came to be treated by many people as synonyms.This trend was reinforced because some people found the term sustainable development to be a bit of a mouthful and they used sustainability as a convenient (if inaccurate) shorthand. As the scale of the taskof achieving a sustainable environment and society has become apparent many people have tried to insulate themselves from the enormity of the challenge by retreating into small incremental changes.So some people have started to say that sustainability is a process of change and not an end state, and that its the journey that counts, not the destination. As the terms sustainability and sustainable development have been used more and more in government and corporate circles, because of increasing discussion of environment and development, the business world has started using the terms more and more for its own purposes.Curiouslyin this context sustainable has quickly reverted to its earlier simple meaning of able to be maintained.So sustainable profits, or sustainable competitive advantage mean profits or competitive ad vantage that can be maintained for the longer term.The straightforward use of sustain and its derivatives within the domain of business is understandable because businesses face competition and hence the risk of decline and extinction every day of the week.This experience of threat leads business people to reproduce meanings of the terms that are the same as those in long-term common usage or those in the area of biological conservation.The benefits of definitional clarity and a strong relationship to core meanings The important benefit of definitional clarity is that it makes it easier to avoid logical problems and makes effective action more likely. A search on the web reveals hundreds of definitions of sustainability and sustainable development Although this diversity is a little overwhelmingit is not really. surprising given that there are many diverse people involved in the sustainability debate and there are legitimate complexities involved.However, a careful review of these d efinitions reveals that they fall into four basic categories only one of which (type ) is a normal dictionary-style definition.The other types are referred to in this paper as contextual definitions because they create a greater understanding of the context of a term rather than defining its essence.The four types of definitions are Type definitions based on the essence x is/means y eg. sustainability is/means the ability to sustain something sustainable development is development that can be maintained sustaining development is development that sustains something Type contextual definitions based onstrategies for achieving the thing being defined the achievement of x requires y eg. the achievement of sustainability requires, for example, the integration of environmental, social and economic issues Type contextual definitions based on the outcomes of the thing being defined x results in y eg. sustainable development results inthe meeting of needs of the present generation withou t compromising the needs of future generations Type contextual definitions based on what amovement with that label tries to achieve or is interested in x is what the X movement strives for eg. sustainability is what the Sustainability movement strives for ie. Sustainability encompasses the protection of the environment and people, peace, and end to poverty, the meeting of human needs, enhancement of human wellbeing, promotion of happiness, etc., etc., etc. Furthermore any of these types of definitions can be framed in a more general or a narrower context eg. applied to whole systems eg. society and the environment or just to specific contexts eg. the environment of a particular species, or to specific human communities or a particular economy.The last three types of definition can be useful as they are carefully expressed so it isclear what sort of context they are creating.But if they are written using words that See Susan Murcotts list of definitions of sustainable development in the Reference section. Where sustaining is used as an adjective (not as a verb). suggest that they are type , or dictionary-style, definitions then these types of definitions usually cause significant confusion. For example, the type definition the achievement of sustainability requires, for example, the integration of environmental, social and economic issues is usually presented as if it were a type definition ie. sustainability is the integration of environmental, social and economic issues.This produces the absurd implication that if we simply consider environmental, social and economic issues together that this somehow generates a sustainability outcome.Often the opposite is true because the issues are traded off against each other and one or more of the objectives are not adequately fulfilled leading to a decline (unsustainability) in the domains traded off. So in this case, a lack of clarity in the expression of the definition leads to a substitution of means for ends and th e outcome is unsustainability. The much-used Brundtland definition of sustainable development is a type definition, that is, it describes what theoutcome will be of pursuing sustainable development.The wording that is universally used is sustainable developmentis development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.But this is in fact a not-careful-enough paraphrasing of the original in the Brundtland report which read Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (definition quoted from p. of the Brundtland Report).The Brundtland statement should have been paraphrased along the followinglines sustainable development can under the right circumstances result in the needs of the present being met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . This formulation then focuses peoples attention on what is to be sustained, what needs are to be met in different generations and what strategies are to be applied to get the desired outcomes.Not only is definitional clarity important but so is maintaining a strong relationship between the core meaning of words and their various derived forms.For example, the terms sustainability and sustainable development are now used interchangeably by many people.For some, the motivation fordoing this is to find a shorter term to substitute for sustainable development.Others prefer to use the term sustainability as a synonym for sustainable development because they dont like talking about development since in their experience it has negative connotations either for themselves or for others.But the end result is that two terms that originally had distinctly different meanings which served practical communication purposes are now blurred into each other thus losing the distinction of meaning. O r sustainable development.Sustainability is about continuity and development is about change. There are manythings about life that we want to sustain (maintain) and many that we want to change.So it makes sense to create the notion of sustainable development that combinesdesired change and desired continuity -for example we might change exploitation,unhappiness, poverty, destructiveness, etc.and sustain the rest of nature, trust, tolerance, honesty, happiness, health, etc.Treated in this waysustainable development doesnt have to be an oxymoron (a combination of conflicting terms). While theory says that sustainable development does not have to be an oxymoron, it can sometimes take quite a bit of negotiation before a whole society can be comfortable with a shared definition of what should be maintained and what should be changed.Developing a preferred definition of environmental sustainabilityThe meanings of words gain their legitimacy from shared use, so in the final analysis there are no independently correct meanings, just meanings that are well understood by many people But words also help to shape our understandings and then our. actions, so the key question is not what is the correct definition? but what do we want environmental sustainability to mean, what would be most desirable? How we choose to answer this questiondepends critically on our preference for treating environmental sustainability as either a practical goal or a utopian concept. The historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee wrote in A study of history () that The twentieth century will be chiefly remembered by future generations not as an era of political conflicts or technical inventions, but as an age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of the whole human race as a practical objective. Sometimes the meaning of words can evolve into almost their opposite.For example terrific used to mean to cause extreme terror now it most often means extraordinarily good.The linking meaning was pro bably exciting eg. the roller coaster ride was terrific. The quote by English historian Arnold J. Toynbee was used in Lester B. Pearsons Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech in . (Pearson won for introducing the concept of peacekeeping through the United Nations.)From http//nobelprize.org/peace/laureates//pearson-lecture.html This could be extended so that we think of our present era as being distinguished as the age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of both the whole human race and the whole planet as a practical objective. If this is so then we can perhaps put aside the idea of seeingenvironmental sustainability as a utopian concept and, instead, opt for seeing it as a practical objective, that is, something to be both aspired to and achieved. But we should be doubly practical. We want to be able to use a definition of environmental sustainability thatmakes it easier for us to get things done (the first practicality) andwe want the definition to help us focus our minds on getting the most important or relevant things done (the second practicality).To help in getting things done a definition of environmental sustainability will need tofacilitate communication between all the people who need to be involved in the issuemake it easier to identify actions that need to be taken in order to achieve environmental sustainabilityBefore exploring how thechoice of definition ofenvironmental sustainabilitycan help us be doubly practical we need to identify some definitional choices that we can apply our choice-criteria to. Some of the basic types of definitions of environmental and sustainability that are used currently are environmental.referring to just the biological environmentreferring to all possible environments(contexts) eg. social, economic, physical,intellectualreferring to the physical environment including thebiological, the geomorphological environment and theconstructed and cultural physical environments sustainability..meaning the integra tion or balancing of social, environmental and economic issues,or programs or actions based on stakeholder or community consultationmeaning sustainable development or making people better off in an ethically sound waymeaning the ability to sustain something.How should we select among these options if we want to facilitate communication? There is really no sectorof the economy or group of people in the community that should be uninvolved in efforts to achieveenvironmental sustainability.Soifitis possible to use simple definitions that are in common usage throughout the whole community there is a good chance that most people will be able to understand each0 other.Also definitions that are widely spread in the community are likely to be more stable because drifts in meaning that emerge in small groups are not likely to be taken up by the whole population.The compound-concept ofenvironmental sustainability is not widely used in the community, nor is the word sustainability.But the core concept to sustain is widely used, and the term environmentor environmental is widely used.In common usage to sustain means tokeep something going or maintain something.Environment means, incommon usage, either the context or surroundings of something, or itmeans, more specifically, the physical environment.Clearly the Parliament of Victoria, when it passed the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Act 00, was using the word environment in the sense of the physical environment rather than more universal meaning of the context for anything. How can our choice of definition make it easier to identify actions to take to achieve environmental sustainability? Having an action focus, especially where the aim is actually to achieve desired outcomes, means that it is not helpful touse definitions that are fuzzy or based on logical confusion.So treating sustainability and sustainable development as synonyms (ie. as having the same meaning) is not likely to be a good idea.Adding the w ord sustainable to development must change the type of development we are talking about otherwise why would we bother talking about sustainable development if we could more conveniently just use the word development?So if we say that sustainability has the same meaning as sustainable development what we saying in logical terms isConcept A= Concept A + Concept BIn other words it doesnt make any logical sense at all This sort of definitional fuzziness and confusion can only persist where people are not trying to be clear about what they are talking about.And indeed some people argue that sustainability is anunattainable goal so they are not greatly fussed about the details of the definition that they use. (That is, they treat environmental sustainability as a Utopian concept rather than a practical goal.) However, if we want to use a definition ofenvironmental sustainability that makes action easier then we should avoid confusions like defining sustainability as sustainable developme nt. How can our choice of definition help us focus our minds on gettingthe most important or relevant things done? We can only answer this by going back to what motivated societys interest in environmental sustainability in the first place.The historical record makes it clear that people became concerned aboutenvironmental sustainability when they discovered that aspects of the environment that they loved or depended on for survival or quality of life were threatened with extinction or serious degradation.There was an urgent concern about loss that made people think about sustainability.Were they originally thinking about integrating environmental, social and economic issues?Not at all.They were worrying about maintaining or keeping going something that they valued.How then did the integration or balance definition emerge?After some years of trying to achieve environmental sustainability people realised that unless they also dealt with the interacting social and economic issues they would simply not succeed in achieving their environmental goals.But did this practical/pragmatic (and perhaps ethical) realisation, change peoples environmental goals? Not really. So why did some people then change the definition of environmental sustainability to mean the integration of environmental, socialand economic issues? It was most likely because their practical focus of attention had shifted to the integration issue and they inadvertently made a classic mistake of confusing means with ends (ie. methods with goals) There is another issue that bears on thequestion of getting the most important or relevant things done.Andthat is, in what way does environmental qualify the notion of sustainability when they are compounded?Doesenvironmental sustainabilityimply the sustainability of thewhole physical environment?Or just parts of it?From a practical point of view the physical environment is so inclusive that no real-lifeenvironmental sustainabilityprogram would everset out to su stain and maintain every aspect.If we tried to do that we would, for example, freeze in place or maintain the distribution and abundance of pest plants and animals, the reduced distribution and abundance of native species, coal-fired power stations and an excessive allocation of land and resourcesto road-based transport, dangerous and resource inefficient buildings, over-built flood plains, etc. Societys are always selective about what they want to sustain even if the agenda for action is still a huge one (eg. maintaining life support systems, maintaining quality of life, keeping native species going, maintaining the resource-base for the economy, etc.). Finally, if we are concerned to get the most important or relevant things done, what definitions should we rule out? Definitions of sustainability such as the integration or balancing of social, environmental and economic issues, or programs or actions based on stakeholder or community consultation no longer seem appropriate and def iningenvironmental sustainability as applying to absolutely everything in the physical environment no longer seems useful. Pulling all these issues together, it is now possible to propose a preferred definition for environmental sustainability as followsenvironmental sustainability is the ability to maintain things or qualities that arevalued in the physical environment . This happens because people have a way of expressing themselves that goes like this environmental sustainability is all about .(insert the practical action or implication of their choice).Then people forget that this is not a definitional statement and they go on to treat it as one. A compatible suite of sustainability terms This suite of words has been developed to distinguish between what is doing the sustaining and what it is being sustained ie. between means and ends the scope of what is being sustained Word (form) Meaning Suggested usage Incompatible usage sustain (verb) means to maintain something through ti me to keep it going to extend its duration eg. communities are working to sustain ecosystem services, or quality of life or other species sustainability (noun) means the ability or capability to sustain (maintain) something eg. will this community achieve sustainability for the things that it wants to persist through time (adjective) means related to or having to do with sustainability eg. a sustainability action plan is an action plan about sustainability not an action plan that can be kept in operation over an extended period sustainable (adjective) means able to be sustained, durable or able to be maintained (note in this meaning the noun that the word is attached to is the thing that is sustained) eg. a sustainable policy is a policy that is kept in force over an extended period not a policy about sustainability sustaining (adjective) means having the propensity or tend