Good Country People by Flannery O’Connor Essay

The short story Good Country People by Flannery O’Connor, is didactic literature, with hefty character analysis to portray that people are not who they appear to be. Hulga, a 32 year old woman with a heart condition. O’Connor portrays Hulga as an experience and strong woman, but through analysis Hulga is well educated but childish and weak Hulga obtains a PhD in philosophy and is taught by highly intellectual people. Hulga has the impression of herself that because she has gone to school for many years and obtain her PhD that she is an experienced woman. In the beginning of the story that is how she appears to be. â€Å"Science on the other hand, has to assert its soberness and seriousness afresh and declare that it is concerned solely with what is. † A line underline in blue pencil, therefore it can be inferred that this quote is of importance to Hulga. Hulga, in this sense is to be thought of as well educated because of her exposure and open mindedness to her religious mother and scientific education leaving her to feel as if she is well experienced, when she is only educated. Her mother is religious therefore Hulga being exposed to religion and while in college educated with science and allowing her to make an informed decision on her beliefs, which is atheism. She has a more open mind for she sees what is in front of her and not what just is told to be true. Therefore she is not well experienced but just well educated. Also her lack of experience is evident when her first date is at the age of 32, when in society that happens when a person is an adolescent, therefore inferring that she has missed important stages in life that add to a person’s experience. Leading to the theme people are not who they appear to be. Hulga, appearing to be experienced is only a well-educated woman. Hulga is childish, thus rebuking the original thought of Hulga as experienced. Hulga falls for the multitude of compliments and lies the boy selling the Bible fills her head with. â€Å"You’re a brave sweet little thing and I liked you the minute I seen you walk in the door. † Hulga believes that this is how he truly thinks of her when in reality he is just using her. â€Å"During the night she imagined she had seduced him. † Hulga, holding such thoughts is seen to be childish because one who is not, understands and would realize deep feeling needs to be given time and does not happen overnight. Even though Hulga is portrayed as experienced because she is uneasy about the situation, she is in reality childish because she falls for the boy’s lies. Also she is seen to be a strong woman, but she is not because she did not stand her ground and fell for the boy’s lies. Therefore leading the reader to see that people are not who they appear to be, as Hulga is just as childish as she is educated. Hulga because of her heart condition is depicted to be a strong woman, but she is really a weak and vulnerable human being. She gave a little cry of alarm but he pushed her down and began to kiss her again. Without the leg she felt entirely dependent on him. † Her mental well-being is far from strong. She is weak because without her leg she is left to feel utterly weak and vulnerable and dependable on a boy who she vaguely knows. O’Connor from the beginning of the short story was portraying Hulga to be a woman that was strong, for she had a heart condition that could claim her life at any time but, she still continued on with her life in the form of education. Hulga reserved, spent most of her time alone, leading the reader to believe that she did not need anyone in particular in her life to make her feel as if she was important. But, with insight from this particular scene. the reader can see that she is a pure vulnerable and weak human being for she does not know how to conduct herself in such a situation out of her control; Leading to the theme people are not who they appear to be. Hulga appears to be strong and independent when in reality she is a weak human being. O’Connor’s didactic literature uses character analysis to portray the theme people are not who they appear to be using a 32 year old woman who is disabled and an atheist. O’Connor portrays Hulga to be experienced and strong but when placed in a situation that is unfamiliar to a person, her true colors shows and the reader sees her for who she really is. A well-educated but inexperienced, childish and weak human being, leading to the lesson, people are not who they appear to be.

Language analysis Essay

Feature article ‘Application failed: Tortured by hi-tech’ written by Sally Morrell in the Wednesday, June 13 issue of the Herald Sun contends that instead of machines making our lives easier, they have now become the control center of our daily activities. This feature article written in a reasonable and colloquial tone shows her views towards the topic of hi-tech as well as the visual showing a woman using a computer as a drug to help encourage readers to support her views. The title of the article makes her opinions on ‘hi-tech’ clear and the piece is filled with many reasons on why technology has overdone its natural purpose. Referring to life experiences in her opening sentence indicates that Morrell has an understanding of the topic and is able to relate to what she’s writing about. Her writing attempts to show readers that their lives have been over controlled by technology and machines. The juxtaposition of the title and visual shows an ironic analogy which helps strengthen matter at hand. ‘Application failed’ is entitled to compel reader’s think of a software program making it relate to the topic of technology. By using the image of a crazed woman ‘connected’ to her computer, strikes the reader’s attention enabling them to see how in order to function in our everyday lives, we need to have that addiction of being dependent on our technology resources. The technology around us is like a drug and Morrell forces readers to see that having machines is a pleasure but it can also be an over dominate resource thus agreeing with her in saying that it has ruled our lives. Colloquial language such as ‘twig’ and ‘conned’ throughout the text is used to personalize Morrell’s article. Relating to experiences and referring to them throughout the text, presents her as a person who has knowledge and understanding of matter. This helps supports her opinions and allows her to disagree on the statement ‘all these gadgets would make us all independent’. Her experiences show that even she has become a person who has relied on her device especially for communication with others. The way she personalizes her text makes what she is stating more believable and true. This obliges readers to see that instead of become more independent individuals; we have become more dependent on our gadgets enabling them to be the focal point of our lives. Readers do not have the time to enjoy time in the bathroom, at a cinema or at the dinner table because we are addicted to our gadgets and devices. ‘No wonder the World Wide Web is so named – webs are meant to trap people aren’t they?’ and ‘doesn’t it sounds like a lame excuse to say your computer was stuffed?’ are rhetorical questions Morrell uses to build up the arguments she wants to discuss. Her opinions and experience draws the reader to think about how idiotic it sounds that not rippling to an email within hours is late but when you don’t receive a letter for a week or two it’s okay. Having technology is meant to be ‘freedom’ but what’s freeing about having people contact you day and night about a crisis at work when you’re trying to relax and be free from the stress of work. Not only does Morrell state about freedom she also writes about how life 100 years ago wasn’t based on the devices and that now in our lives we are hostage to what is around us. Readers will see that we have become so reliant on their devices that they are basically our control center. Having experience on the topic, Morrell articles leaves readers to think about the affect technology has on their lives and how controlling the have become. Having caught the readers attentions through the life examples are her personal views throughout the article allows readers to be at one with her opinions and agree on the fact that technology and the World Wide Web have now become the control center of our daily activities.

Is there a relation between age and income Speech or Presentation

Is there a relation between age and income - Speech or Presentation Example Politicians and the media often include age as a factor when taking about income inequalities. Differences in wealth between old and young people are even greater than the differences witnessed when it comes to income. For example studies show that households headed by person who is over 65 years have more than 15 times as much wealth as compared to households held by persons below 35 years of age (Bowles and Herbert, 75). Age differences is just one of the many reasons that explains the reason behind insinuations about wealth and income that are thrown around in politics and in the media are often remote from reality. The statistics about the differences between age and income are almost perpetually about abstract income brackets. Additionally, a lot of statistical studies that follow specific individuals throughout their lives often reach diametrically conflicting conclusions from the conclusions attained by statistical studies that follow income brackets for a long period of time. A study undertaken by university of Michigan indicated that many of the working people who were in the bottom 20% of income earners in the year 1975 were also in the top 40% at some point in the year 1991. Of those in the bottom quartile in 1975, only 5% were still glued there come the year 1991 while 29% of them were now in the top quartile. This study tries to analyze the relationship between income and age and tries to explain the trend that exists between age and income. The question will be guided by the following research question: what is the relationship between income and age from the year 1974-2011 (Gray et.al, 76). Studies that have been carried out to determine the relationship between age and income have resulted in a general result that income is positively related to the age of an individual. The studies have generalized a sample to a population. Assumptions are vital concept of empirical

Social Inequality in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Inequality in Australia - Essay Example In this process, it has also allowed the policy of social inequality and discrimination between the White and non White classes of people in terms of their immigration in to the soil of Australia. The White people were allowed freely by following the liberal practices of immigration rules where as the strict restrictions were imposed for the non European people under the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 which is nothing but encouraging the policy of social inequality. In other words, the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 has initiated a trend in which the differential attitude of Australian administration was followed towards the treatment of different races of the people (Immigration Restriction Act, 1901). Staring with the nature of the tests put to the immigrants, several other restrictions were imposed to non white people for discouraging them to stay in Australia. Even in case of labor immigration, the white labor were allowed to enter the soil of Australia where as other c lasses of labor were restricted under the clauses of Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. This discriminatory and social inequality attitude of Australian authorities was further continued in different arena for which the seeds were sown in the form of Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. ... ralia Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 was passed by the House of Parliament of Australia for the main objective of limiting the immigration rate of non Europeans to Australia. The policy of social inequality and White Australia in restricting the immigration of alien persons in to the land of Australia is very well reflected in the form of Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. It has decided the fate of the people who were willing to enter Australia for various types of works since long and it tilted towards selective concessions to white people and it is even influencing the public policy related to immigration at present also. Hence, it is very significant instrument in the history of Australia which may be analyzed form time to time for making betterment in the rules and restrictions related to immigration to Australia. The basic origin of introducing this Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 was in the form of opportunism and can be traced to the history of formation of Austral ia. When Australia was formed by union of six colonies, they wanted to build the nation protecting from foreign forces and the Common wealth of Australia was proclaimed in 1901. As the armed forces were controlled by the British, the Australians wanted to have control over the people who would migrate from other regions. They feared that people from China and Japan may dominate in some economic spheres if they are allowed to settle in Australia which would affect the prospects of local people. At the same time, the trade unions in Australia also felt that if people form Asian origin are allowed to immigrate in to Australia, the labor wages may go down which would negatively influence the earnings of the labor of Australian origin. At the same time, the population of Australia in 1901

World Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

World Religion - Essay Example Religious teachings are the tenets and wisdom communicated and transmitted from generations to generations that explain and depict basic moral codes, values and belief system of a religious tradition. These can be communicated through different forms of narratives like myths. Religious teachings can be transmitted verbally or inscribed in sacred texts (Matthews, 2012). Religious teachings try to express, explain, and promote an appreciation of the sacred texts to its adherents. For example, the Igbo communities of Nigeria believe that the Earth should be revered and that it is made up of several distinct dimensions. On the other hand, in Christian religions, the fundamental belief is centered on the teachings and life of Jesus Christ (Matthews, 2012). In essence, religious tradition is composed of religious teachings that talk about its beliefs about the world and the position of human beings in it. Beliefs and value systems are shared and observed by the members. Stories that depict these beliefs are recited, either orally or written. Core myths are an important part in the life of Krishna—the Hindu deity— the death and rebirth of Jesus Christ, Buddha’s enlightenment, and so on (Eastman, 1999). Religion is a set of traditions based on an understanding of the sacred. Ethics are generally believed as manifested by the supernatural domain, yet can also be seen as socially created rules (Edwards, 1995). Emotional experiences related to religious traditions are harmony, ecstasy, commitment, piety, reverence, awe, and guilt. A religious tradition also has practices like worship, prayer, pilgrimage, ritual, and so on. For instance, Muslims rinse themselves before prayer; Jews conduct their ritual cleansing using water; and Christians perform baptisms through water immersion. Dusts are also used and valued among religious traditions, which symbolize the spirit domain and death. Indigenous religions use ashes in their dance

SOC 331 week 1 discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SOC 331 week 1 discussion - Essay Example The question as to whether Walmart offered Jacob a fair wedge of $8.75 an hour is just or not is dependent on the moral theory with which it is analyzed. According to consequentialism theory, Walmart offered Jacob a just salary. The intention of Jacob was to get a job with a salary that could sustain him. Moreover, the motor of consequentialism theory is â€Å"the end justifies the means†, Jacob was offered fair dues. Additionally, through the theory of regularianism, the theory proposes that an act is considered moral if it is in line with the set rules. According to the 2012 federal laws, an employer is required to pay at least $7.25 per hour, and in this regard, Walmart has justifiably given Jacob fair pay (Christopher, 2013). The decision of alderman to let Walmart operate in Chicago equally draws the attention of social justice. In as much as the company had fulfilled all the obligations and regulations that permit it to operate in Chicago, it still violated social ethics. This is due to the fact theta the wedges that the company pays its new employees are too little to sustain them effectively and the fact that the CEO of the company earned large benefits. However, for the alderman to make pay to the employees just, before a company is allowed to operate in the city, there should be rationalization between the earnings of the senior members and those of the new employees. The concept of distributive justice demands that the government operates within the best interest of the situation. In this regard, the American government through the application of distributive justice must purpose to mitigate in situations that are most probably going to cause harm. Since the report of global warming by the sixteen experts conflict with that if the American Physical Society, the government should act in the best interest in saving the situation. Application of distributive justice would thus demand that the government continues

Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Interview - Assignment Example Improved communication has facilitated business and the economy. There is a slight difference between the communication systems between the USA and Brazil. The main difference arises in the language used in the two countries; Brazil communications systems utilize Portuguese while communications systems in USA use English. The two nations also differ due to the access to technology and the resources at the disposal of the nation. The technology in the United States is advanced compared to Brazil. The cost of communication equipment also differs across the two nations; access to information is cheaper in USA compared to Brazil (Hallin & Daniel 301). Developed communications in USA make communication reliable and fast this is an advantage compared to slower connections speeds in Brazil. Well developed communication system USA is cheaper compared to costs in Brazil, the high cost reduces the number of people with access to communication. Control over communication in USA enables the government to curb internet crimes which affect Brazil. Developed communication infrastructure in USA has facilitated trade and social communication. Increased communication between businesses has improved information flow thus economic growth. The advantages of the communications systems in Brazil are the unique culture and focus on the local community. Increased interaction between the countries is facilitating cultural transfer through tourism (Hallin & Daniel 307). Rodrigo and I have been communicating trough social media which has been facilitated by improved communication systems in the two countries. We have communicated a lot about the nature of our countries and the facilities available. Although the US has advanced communication technologies, Brazil has a rich culture which can be exported to other nations through

Assignment on Lung Cancer Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Lung Cancer - Assignment Example These research findings are very important since they negate the long-held perception that nicotine is fundamentally the cause of lung cancer. The specialty of these research works is that they have separately found the effect of years of smoking and that if genetic variants on an individual’s risk of getting lung cancer. Knowledge of the results obtained from these studies may be utilized in the development of more effective drugs and treatment options for the smokers. â€Å"We are all impatient for drugs that can cure cancer no matter when and where we find it† (Phelps, 2012). Findings of the research done by the team in Iceland also found that have specific gene variants even increases the addiction for nicotine in some smokers, which increases their susceptibility to getting lung cancer. ... â€Å"It is imperative that government agencies, the research and funding community, health systems and insurers, community leaders, schools and families all take steps now to cut tobacco’s rural roots [since more rural than urban population falls prey to it]† (â€Å"Cutting Tobacco’s Roots†). For those who continue taking the risk, drugs blocking nicotine might prove useful as nicotine is what triggers their chances of acquiring lung cancer. Nicotine in cigarettes increases the susceptibility of smokers with predisposition to lungs cancer to risk of this disease. I hate smoking and I have objective reasons for doing so. I totally agree with (Park) when she says, â€Å"we already know the best way to prevent [lung cancer] - by not smoking in the first place† (Park). Nothing comparable to that†¦ We were 8 family members in total including my mother, my father, my sister Lisa, my sister Mary, my eldest brother George, second to him was Martin, th en I, and in the last my brother Red. I have lost my mother and both sisters at the ages that are not very suitable and a bit too early considering the average age of death for women in our country. When my mother died, she was 52 years old. My sister Mary died and 40 whereas Lisa died at the age of 36 years. She was not even married and was heading towards her marriage. On the other hand, my father, George, Martin, I, and Red are aged 70, 56, 52, 49, and 45 respectively, and we are all not only alive but also in perfect health. One thing that was common among my sisters and mother was that they were smokers and surprisingly, one thing that is common among my father, George, Martin, I, and Red is that none of us smokes. My mother, my sisters, my father, my brothers and I all have been living

Influence of Social Networking Sites on Relationships Essay

Influence of Social Networking Sites on Relationships - Essay Example The essay "Influence of Social Networking Sites on Relationships" discusses the influence of social networking sites on relationships. A social networking site is a form of media of the digital age that helps people in the development of communities and networks. Some of the most popular examples include Facebook, Twitter, and Orkut. The system of kinship includes people who have close relationships with each other or those who are living as a unit or family. We create our own definition of family. We can decide to add and not add people depending on whether we trust them or consider them family. In this way, we actually go beyond defining kinship as just blood relationships and add such relationships to the definition that leaves a great impact on our lives. Some people believe that close relationships fall into the definition of kinship whereas some people believe that only a blood relationship is real kinship. Today, anthropology is heading towards forming new forms of kinship. Fo r example, we can find many people on Facebook who have their close friends or childhood friends as their sisters and brothers. On the other hand, many people present on Facebook have blood relationships between each other. Social networking sites, such as Facebook, also helps people in the formation of imagined communities and networks. People can form such communities where there are no boundaries, no nation states, but a place where they can find people with whom they feel good. Facebook has made people less individualistic.

Sustainable engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sustainable engineering - Essay Example employed schemes are the building research establishment environmental assessment method(BREEAM) and leadership in energy and environmental design(LEED). BREEAM was officially launched by the building research establishment(BRE) and consequently adopted by the United Kingdom as one of its systems. LEED was by us institution United States green building council (USGBC) and officially accepted as the benchmark for green building practices. All these two schemes are based on effective system for collecting credits that are used for a wide of building, both the existing buildings and the new buildings. These systems cover a wide range of issues that include energy, pollution, building site, water indoor environmental quality and materials one of the most important in both the two schemes that is the key sustainable development is energy consumption expressed in another language as resulting to carbon emissions from the buildings. It is therefore clear that robust building environmental assessment schemes will possibly play a very critical role in assessing the building energy performance. According to Lee and Bumet(2008) it is important to understand this schemes interms of their scopes, performance criteria, credit scales and methodologies. Lee et al conducted a comparison of the baseline buildings, their performance criteria, credit scales and their simulative tools between a number of schemes while Asdrubali et al (2008) undertook a comparative study of energy regulations in Spain and Italy based on a semi-detached house. In this study more emphasis is put on the assessment of energy performance of new building within the BREEAM and LEED. For easy assessment of the energy performance of buildings and effective calculation of the corresponding energy rating in BREEAM and LEED schemes, a computational simulation was applied. Even though there are many energy simulation software that are available in the market, there is need to choose the one that suits the aim of

Current Topic in Ethics Essay Example for Free

Current Topic in Ethics Essay The article speaks about a recent incident that took place in Brazil, which brought in to light the ethical and moral values of humans. The story had a two sided approach the first one being from the church of Brazil and the second one from the government side. The incident is regarding a step father raping her 9 year old daughter. The girl confessed that she was under a sexual assault from her step father since the age of 6(Yahoo News, 2009). The man was also convicted of sexually abusing the girl’s 14 year old handicapped sister. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re, head of the Catholic Church’s Congregation for Bishops said that the abortion carried out by the doctors under the decision of the girl’s mother was totally wrong and the twins that the girl carried had a right to live. On the other hand President Luiz Ignacio Lula da Silva had other views on the matter. He said that according to the law of Brazil where abortion is illegal and allowed only in case where the health of the child bearing women is endangered the Bishop is totally wrong. The girl had actually been brought to the hospital after several stomach cramps and it was found that she is pregnant and carrying twins. At the age of 9 doctors commented that it was impossible for the girl to bear the children and an abortion was the only viable option left. As the doctor involved in the abortion Rivaldo Albuquerque said that it was important for us to save the life of the girl(Yahoo News,2009). Ethical Issues The article raised several ethical issues regarding human rights and social rights. Firstly the rape case as the man had committed was illegal and should be punished according to the government law of the country. Secondly the issue of child abuse as an ethical issue is also being raised by this incident which is another offense of the law and needs to be punished. Third and the most important issue which has been raised by this incident are of abortion which according to the law of Brazil is illegal. The fourth issue has been raised to contradict the third one which is another face of the same law of abortion which is banned. Abortion is only allowed in case the health of the child bearing women is endangered. The fifth ethical issue is the sexual assault of the other handicapped girl sister of the girl which was actually sexually assaulted. All these ethical issues have come forward due to this incident and need to be taken care of by the Brazilian government. Ethical Theories There are many ethical theories and fields of ethics that are present but only some that are relevant would be applied to this case. We will consider each theory one by one and apply it on the case to deduct a result. Greek Philosophy Socrates emphasized that a person to be ethically correct needs to realize the importance of human life and existence. A person would act rightly and correctly if he or she is self aware and knows the importance of life. Bad deeds or evil deeds are a result of ignorance and if the person knows the consequences of doing wrong he or she would never commit that act (MacKinnon, 2008). According to the theory of Socrates the man who committed the assault was unaware of the consequences of the act to be specific he thought that he would get away with his actions but only the pregnancy of the girl brought up the matter. The case of abortion according to this Greek philosophy is a bit controversial as the importance of human life needs to be considered and in this case whether to save the girl or the twins she was carrying was a decision to be made. Normative Ethics This field of ethics focuses on the rightness and wrongness of actions to judge whether they are ethical or not. The theory says that actions were mainly judged by the intentions of a person as in whether they are right or wrong (Kagan, 1997). According to this theory the man in the case is found guilty of committing a crime and should be punished accordingly as his intention was truly wrong and hence his actions also become wrong. Then the abortion of the child was also morally ethical as the life of the girl was endangered by her pregnancy, hence according to this theory the decision of abortion is also ethically correct. Meta Ethics This approach of ethics is a bit different from other approaches as it looks at the reasons for the truth and decides up on the validity of the reasons as to whether the actions that led to the truth were ethical or non ethical (Miller, 2003). According to this theory the actions of the man were totally unethical as the man had committed an immoral act, which is the truth. The reason for this act was his uncontrollable desires, which were unethical. Abortion was performed because it was the only option through which the girl could be saved. The reason for the abortion was the fact that the doctors had to save the life of the girl and could take no risks, hence the act of abortion was morally ethical. Descriptive Ethics This is a newer field of ethics than normative ethics and focuses on the choices that were available to the person and the one he or she picked according to that his or her actions are judged to be ethical or not. According to this theory the man is still found to be guilty and should be punished as the choices he made were ethically incorrect and on the other hand the abortion done by the doctors was also morally ethical as they had limited choices and needed to save the girl. The doctors agreed on the fact that the girl who was only 9 years old could not carry the burden of pregnancy and hence had to be saved through abortion. Conclusion During this paper we looked up on different theories and fields of ethics. These fields and theories were applied on the case and the deduction of whether this ethical issue were correctly dealt or not was focused. The conclusion is not merely my own decision but the result of applying the ethical theories on the case. These theories when applied clearly highlight the fact that the man should be punished according to the law of Brazil and the decision of abortion made by the mother of the girl and carried out by the doctors was a correct one in the circumstances that were presented. References: Kagan S. (1997) Normative Ethics, Westview Press. MacKinnon B. (2008) Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues. Wadsworth Publishing. Miller A. (2003) An Introduction to Contemporary Metaethics, Polity. Yahoo News (March 8, 2009). Vatican defends Brazil excommunication. Retrived on March 10, 2009 from http://au. news. yahoo. com/a/-/world/5375029/vatican-defends-brazil-excommunication/

Effect of Child Rearing Styles on Pro-Social Development

Effect of Child Rearing Styles on Pro-Social Development PROSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 1 COMPARISON OF CHILD-REARING STYLES AND THE EFFECTS THEREOF ON PROSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT There are many factors that play a role in the development of prosocial behaviour in children. The two participants that I used are both mothers of 3 year old children. One of them is a stay at home mom with one child (a girl), and the other is a single mom, working full time, with two children (both boys), one of whom is autistic (the oldest child). An Authoritative parenting style is generally considered the most successful parenting style, and is associated with the development of prosocial behaviours. Research participant 1 scored higher than Research participant 2 on the Authoritative and Authoritarian scale, however, the child of Research Participant 2 scored higher on the prosocial scale. This difference could be due to several other factors, besides the parenting styles, including family situation and context. The child of Research participant 2 is the youngest of two boys, the older of which has severe autism. Due to the fact that his brother is ill, this little boy has learnt from an early age to care for others. He is very caring of his older brother, and helps his mother with him a lot. This has taught him to be caring towards others, and to consider their needs, as well as his own. This has flowed over into his interactions with other children and people he meets / socialises with. Parenting styles play in important role in the development of prosocial behaviour in children, and even though the child of Research participant 1 scored lower than the child of Research participant 2 on the prosocial scale, she is still a caring and loving little girl, who displays prosocial behaviour. There are however, many other factors that influence these behaviours in children. PART B INTRODUCTION Because of the importance of the consequences of aggression, criminality and immorality for society, not much importance was placed on prosocial development prior to 1970. Eisenberg and Fabes (1998) define prosocial behaviour as â€Å"voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another†. Prosocial acts include sharing, helping others and comforting others. There are many reasons why people act prosocially, but the subgroup of prosocial behaviours labelled as altruism is considered to be very important. Eisenberg Mussen (1989) define altruism as being â€Å"intrinsically motivated, voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another; acts motivated by internal motives such as concern for others, or by internalised values, goals and self-reward or the avoidance of punishment†. However, because it is difficult to determine whether altruism or a less noble motivation drives the behaviour, a broader focus needs to be taken. CULTURAL FACTORS It is evident from various research that environment plays a big role in the development of prosocial behaviour, and research on the cultural bases of prosocial responding provides insight into the role of the environment in the development of prosocial behaviour (Eisenberg Fabes, 1998). Anthropological literature and Psychological studies in non-Western cultures clearly indicate that societies vary greatly in the degree to which prosocial and cooperative behaviours are normative (Mead, 1935). These studies show that some cultures value prosocial behaviours while there are some cultures in which prosocial behaviour is rare and hostility and cruelty is the norm. It is difficult to make cross-cultural comparisons as there seems to be differences across cultures with respect to the degree to which children display prosocial behaviour. THE FAMILY Another influence in the development of prosocial behaviour in children is their parents. Children model their parents behaviour, so if the parents tend to display prosocial behaviour, the children will develop prosocial behaviour. Parental practices, beliefs, characteristics and emotional atmosphere at home plays a role in the development of prosocial behaviour. Staub (1992) found that prosocial behavioural development is enhanced by a connection to others, exposure to parental warmth, adult guidance and children’s participation in prosocial activites. In their study on the relationship between parenting styles, parental practices, sympathy on prosocial behaviours in adolescents, Gustavo et al. (2007) found strong evidence that parenting practices were closely related to prosocial behaviour. They did find however, that the associations occurred mostly through the indirect relations with sympathy. Dunsmore et al. (2009) conducted a study to determine whether a mothers expressive style and specific emotional responses to their children’s behaviour is linked to their children’s prosocial ratings. The results of their study show that the mothers positive and negative expressiveness is related to the child’s lower prosocial self-rating, and the mothers happiness about the child’s prosocial behaviour is associated with the child’s higher self-ratings for prosocial self-rating. CHILD’S INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS Eisenberg and Fabes (1998) believe that social cognition and prosocial behaviour should at least be modestly correlated, and this has been shown to be true in studies, as prosocial children are more sociable, well regulated, low impulsivity and are not shy or anxious. â€Å"Prosocial children are also able to communicate and resolve their own needs, feel guilt and remorse about wrongdoing, exercise self-control when tempted to do wrong, and feel compassion for others (Hoffman, 1970; Mischel, Shoda, and Rodriguez, 1989). Eisenberg and Fabes (1998) also believe that emotion plays a vital role in the development of prosocial values, motives and behaviours, with empathy-related emotions playing a larger role. There are various definitions of empathy, but Eisenberg and Fabes (1998) define empathy as an â€Å"affective response that stems from the apprehension / comprehension of another’s emotional state / condition, and that it is identical / very similar to what the other person is feeling / would be expected to feel†. Many theorists argue that some or all humans are born with an innate ability to feel / exhibit altruistic behaviour, thereby being biologically predisposed to experience empathy and develop prosocial behaviour, including smaller children. Many twin studies have been done to determine whether prosocial tendencies are inherited. Matthews et al. (1986) and Rushton et al. (1986) believed that if the correlation is higher for identical twins than for fraternal twins, then the difference can be attributed to heritability / genetics. Their study involved self-reported data from adults, and they found that 50% of the variance in the twin’s empathy, altruism and nurturance was accounted for by genetic factors. The other 50% difference was accounted for by differences in the twin’s environment. There are also studies that have been done on the neurophysiological underpinnings of prosocial behaviour. Panskepp (1986) believes that the nurturant dictates of brain systems that mediate social bonding and maternal care is what leads to mammalian helping behaviour. Maclean (1985) believes that the limbic system is responsible for maternal behaviour, affiliation and play, which in turn forms the basis for altruism. During the second year the prefrontal functions increase, which enables the child to identify which feelings are his / hers or which feelings belong to someone else. Researchers propose that (based on Keller’s 2007 model of culturally informed development pathways), depending on the socio-cultural context, toddlers may follow different pathways to the same development outcome, for example, prosocial development. In their study using longitudinal genetic analysis, Knafo Plomin (2006) found that genetics account for change and continuity in prosocial behaviour. Clark Ladd (2000) found that prosocial children are relatively well-adjusted and have better peer relationships than children low in prosocial behaviour. CONCLUSION Prosocial development in children is a complex multidimensional issue. Many factors play a role in the development of prosocial behaviours, and emphasis should not be placed on a single factor to the exclusion of others. Culture, family and genetics are but some of the factors or environments that influence the development of empathy, which in turn aids in the development of prosocial behaviour. All these factors should be considered together when determining what plays a role in prosocial development.

High Speed Wireless Broadband Network in Malaysia

High Speed Wireless Broadband Network in Malaysia The intention of this final year project is to study about the high speed wireless broadband network in Malaysia. This project consists of two major parts; which are investigating of problems of service in wireless broadband network and improvement and enhancement in wireless broadband network in Malaysia. For each part, is further divided into the making of comparison between wireless broadband providers in Malaysia. The research part requires the study about the improvement and enhancement about the wireless broadband technology in Malaysia and the latest technology that can be implement in Malaysia. In this project, for the comparison part, focused on famous and big company of wireless broadband provider such as Celcom ,DiGi,Telekom Malaysia and P1WiMAX in their technology and problems occur. Apart from this, we will know the best technology in wireless broadband. The project of the development of wireless technology throughout Malaysia should be view not only from the provider side but also from the user point of view. Furthermore, user wants the best for them and the main aspect in enhancing the wireless technology in Malaysia. This final year project gave exposure in about all the technology been used in implementing the wireless technology. Any related or useful knowledge gained during formal study was able to be applied during the completion of this project. Furthermore, this project also gave valuable experience throughout the research in searching for the information. This project is very useful and meaningful as high speed wireless broadband has a very wide range of user. The technology is usually use to connect people everywhere and one of the key of information. The advantages in using wireless broadband over fixed line cable of these systems are wireless technology not using any cable so it is wireless and portable. It also has premier performance depending on the technology being used. MOTIVATION: The author has been motivated to write this report for various reasons.Scientific research in the wireless multimedia communication field is growing fast.Futhermore,the design of different technologies in wireless broadband technology offering different performance will make the author eager to find out the best for both users and providers. The impressive evolution of mobile networks and the potential of wireless multimedia communication pose many questions to operators,manufacturers and scientists working in the field.The future scenario is open to several alternatives such as thoughts,proposals and activities of the near future could provide the answer to open points and dictate the better and improved trends of wireless world.Because of this,the author is very enthusiasm to participate in the research to the Malaysia in enhancing and developing the wireless technology. Nowadays, the usage of Internet is become essential in humans life. Internet can help us in doing many tasks in our daily life. One can say that life mean nothing without Internet market. However the browsing activity will occur some problems such as the coverage, speed and other limitation. This phenomenon has inspired the author to research the high speed wireless technology that will bring benefit to the user. This research will help both provider and user in bringing wireless technology to the further stage. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: The main objective of this project is to study and research about the high speed wireless broadband network and to compare the main wireless broadband providers in Malaysia. The research will reveal the best provider and technology for the customer to choose. Therefore, in order to achieve the target, the objectives listed below should be met. Firstly is to analyze on each technology that been use to come out with the best technique to make this wireless technology better. Secondly, is to study the improvement and enhancement in wireless broadband network in Malaysia and finally, the most crucial part of the project is to make comparisons between main wireless broadband network provider in Malaysia by considering in many aspect such as their technology, problems and services. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: In this project, a detail research about wireless broadband in Malaysia had been studied. For the improvement and enhancement in wireless broadband part, the main goal is to improve and enhance the technology of the wireless. The requirement for this research is the wireless broadband technology must require both provider and user satisfaction. Both providers and users want to improve coverage, call quality, lower the cost, traffic management and the services. All of this can be achieve by using better technology such as HSDPA,iBurstâ„ ¢,WiMAX and others so that the final product will be easy to install, best quality, affordable and portable The main wireless in Malaysia are DiGi,P1WiMAX,Celcom and Maxis. This provider use different technology for last mile. So, comparison has been proceed between those technologies so find their pro and cons. This report and project is intended for use by graduate students approaching research activities in the wireless communications area and by professional engineers and project managers involve in wireless design,aiming for better and at consolidating their future vision of the wireless multimedia world. Current mobile and wireless system and architectural concepts must evolve in order to cope with complex connectivity requirements and also users need. Scientific research in this truly multidisciplinary field is growing fast. This project will discover and reveal about the new technologies,new architectural concepts and new challenges that are emerging. PROJECT ARRANGEMENT This project comprises of two major parts which are compare and research part. For the comparison part, it can be further separated into the customer side and the provider side.In order to satisfy both sides,survey been made and interview been proceed.The information achieved from the company will be private and confidential similar to the personal information of the customer .This is true data from both side without any hesitate from them. This project was handled by two persons. The persons who are involved in this project are the author and partner; The author is responsible in improvement and enhancement in wireless broadband network in Malaysia while Nur Kamila Mohd Kamil is responsible in investigating of problems of service in wireless broadband network.Both of us will focus on comparison between the main wireless provider is Malaysia. THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT: Initial Stage: Initially, a complete and comprehensive literature review is done to gain as many information as possible, to ensure a thorough understanding before any planning or generating of ideas is done to generally start the project. The entire literature review consists of a variety of information obtained from the Internet, books, journals that have information about wireless broadband. Development Stage: In this development stage, the entire information gathered in the first stage is investigating all the information collected at the first stage.At this stage also we have done comparing the wired cable and also wireless broadband by interviewing Telekom Berhad.We distributing survey to know customer point of view.To collect more information,we also interview other broadband provider. Final Stage In this final stage, the process for this project becomes more complicated and specific. It is because this final stage deals with compiling and analyzing the data and information collected at the initial and development stage. However, collecting data is still proceed in this stage as there are a lot of information and wireless broadband is getting wider and the technology are getting better day by day. That is why this stage is very important in learning how to adapt the technologies that never stop growing, which is invaluable to any engineering student. CHAPTER OVERVIEW: This report has been conceived to cover several traditionally separated chapters,there by offering the complete guide to approach issues related to the wireless multimedia communication network improvement and enhancement. Chapter 1 covers the objectives that the author wants to achieve to ensure the success of this project and the overall ideas related to the project are explained in detail. Chapter 2 covers literature review on the improving and enhancing the wireless broadband and background of the major technologies that been studied in completing this project. This chapter contains a brief overview of all the theory that was collected throughout the researched. Chapter 3 covers methodology involved in this project. The method to obtain all those result described. Chapter 4 contains result from the analyzing all the data collected in this project through research, interview and survey. This result is described base on the theory researched before. Chapter 5 contains the conclusion for the entire project and its achievements.Recommendations for future improvement is also stated in this chapter. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW: In this chapter 2,the report will provides the readers with all those technologies adopted in current wireless communication systems and the author also presents some proposed the latest technologies that already implement abroad to be done in Malaysia.This chapter will be devided into 2 parts; improvement part and enhancement part.Chapter 2 also explained about the Malaysias government plan in developing broadband technology and also overview about the main wireless broadband providers in Malaysia. INTRODUCTION TO BROADBAND: Any type of transmission technique that carries some data channels over a common wire refers to broadband.DSLservice, combines separate voice and data channels over a single telephone line, is one of the case of broadband technology. Broadband constitutes any form of high-speed Internet access using this transmission technique in home networking. Voice fills the low end of the frequency spectrum and data fills the high end in DSL. General broadband Internet technologies are both DSL and cable modem. Devices that support both DSL and cable are broadband routersand broadbandmodems.Fiber (FTTH)and fixed wireless are other types of home broadband. Can bear the network bandwidth at least 256Kbpsfor connections in one direction is a general guideline to meet the criteria as a broadband Internet service. The term broadband generally refers to high-speed Internet access that faster than the typical dial-up access and that is always on. Broadband is dissimilar from dail-up where broadband service supplies higher-speed of data transmission. The transmission pipeline will allows extra content to be carried through it. On the other hand, broadband offers access to the highest quality Internet services such as streaming media, VoIP (Internet phone), gaming, and interactive services. Many of these current and newly-developing services require the transition of large amounts of data that may not be technically practical with dial-up service. Therefore, broadband service may be ever more necessary to access the full range of services and opportunities that the Internet can offer. Broadband is always on so there is no need to reconnect to network after logging off. For this reason it does not block phone lines. Broadband has less delay in transmission of content. (http://www.broadband.gov/about_broadband.html). Broadband in Malaysia: Malaysian broadband users are growing in numbers every day.According to an AC Nielsen survey in 2009,Malaysians ranked third in the global ranking of the Digital media consumers,who spend over 20 hours a week watching streamed or downloaded content from the Internet.It is undeniable that there is a growing need from Malaysians for a better broadband service.The reason why broadband has become a necessity is because moving to tne web-o-sphere is inevitable for any corporate entity today.The broadband and Internet opens up a host of business opportunities,options and solutions allowing market expansion and growth.Broadband enable Malaysian to communicate.They can communicate via e-mail as well as other social networking sites and the Internet sometimes functions as students virtual classroom and for students course work. Broadband service is an important need of companies.They could suffer losses as slow services would hinder the online experience.As Malaysian are already in the IT world, Malaysian dont just need a broadband service,but need one that is better.As Malaysia is develops,the usage of the internet becomes even more vital as Malaysia has a high number of users,Internet service providers should cater the best for the users.Broadband service is a necessity for the corporate world as well as personal use.Internet is the integral part of the modern world.It is time for Malaysian to enjoy something that they need less hassle as technologies have allowed room for improvement in the Internet service. (daripade malay mail paper). Malaysia National Broadband Initiative (NBI). The National Broadband Initiative is the governments initiative to provide broadband service to the whole country and highspeed broadband with high economic activities.The target is to connect 50 percent of Malaysian households to broadband by 2010.This measurement on household will futher be enhanced by considering other elements that would better reflect the use of broadband by the citizen such as taking into account cellular mobile penetration,PC ownership,use of internet in Community Broadband Centres,office and school.Under the NBI,highspeed broadband service will be 10Mbs and below.The era of slow Internet (dail-up) connection will be over and of course broadband will transfer peoples lives. The aim is to narrow the gap between the haves in urban areas,and have-nots in rural areas,often referred to as the digital divide.This imbalance in communication access can have social ramifications if not address at the nation al level.In Malaysia,the push to narrow down the gap between the urban and rural has been entrusted to the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commision (MCMC).MCMC is mandated to work towards narrowing the inequalities of access that exist in underserved areas and populations.MCMC has overseen project that have steadily reduced the number of areas that were not served by telecommunications services. Speeding Up Malaysias Tranformation: ICT and Internet are recognised as vital support services and platform in driving all other sectors in the social economic growth of nations along the lines of knowledge based and Digital economy.As a logical follow-through of the ICT development for the country following earlier related initiatives in computerization,upgrading and Digitalisation of the communications networks,the introduction of the multimedia super corridor (MSC) in the 1996,the advent and the phenomenal take up the Internet and IP-based technologies,the nation has indeed stepped up with the introduction of NBI in October 2004. The strategy adopted under the NBI was to address the availability of broadband as an engine of growth and need to bridge the Digital divide with the objective of providing equitable access to communication services. More importantly ,the citizen have access to basic amenities to basic amenities through the Internet such as health and emergency services,schools, government and local services and of course other consumer services. Under NBI, rural communities will be connected to broadband services through the Community Broadband Centre located throughout the country.The competitive environment generated by the communications and multimedia industry has propelled the widespread adoptation of broadband through availability of affordable package and choices to the Malaysian public hence increasing the connectivity of the citizen and reach to market. Moving Towards Innovation Economy: With broadband,Malaysian will have access to the Internet,information and services that can be capitalised to improve socio-economic standing.Rural communities in the hard-to-reach places especially,can use broadband to gather useful information and access to services at their fingertips,without having to go far and wide.Broadband is expected to have tangible impact on Malaysias Gross Domestic Product (GDP).It will increase national competitiveness and foreign direct investments plus enable a knowledge-based and innovation driven economy.NBI targets 50 percents households to get broadband service by end of 2010.It is a government initiative to provide infrastructure in line with the new economic model,aims to transform Malaysia into knowledge based society generating the high income economy. In overall term, it aims to improve,the nations socio-economic standing globally.As the NBI will provide the service to the whole country,so every one will be entitled to the broadband service including those in the rural areas.This access to knowledge could be extended to family members and communities which in turn will enrich the nation. With the NBI, economic innovation can also help bridge the socio-economic gap.The broadband service,has leveraged the small medium enterprises and entrepreneurs (SMEs) to market their products to much larger networks via the world wide web.Although there are concerns usage Internet will expose the people to negative influences,but to curb it, Internet also provides the education and knowledge at the fingertip. Malaysias government on its part will take proactive action to prevent negative elements to stringent monitoring and enforcement of laws.Just as much as the country will get the economic benefits there are other aspects that Malaysia can gain from the improvement and enhancement of the broadband service too.The advantage of broadband service are limitless. INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY: Wireless is very essential.Wireless networksis presenting a network having no wires as wireless network can connect your computer to a network using radio waves and so you can move your computer wherever easily. Wireless network has made a network very portable because of digital modulation, adaptive modulation, information compression, and access multiplexing. IT Consulting group with IEEE certified 802.11b technology, introduced wireless networks. With wireless networks, you will experience the privacy and personal computer security extra than before. Air is the medium for the wireless network. A wireless networks have offering very flexible, roaming, high standard and low cost. There are different types of wireless network such as wireless LAN, wireless MAN, and mobile devices network. 2.2.1 Types of Wireless Networks and network usage: Imagine the world is completely without wire. It must be amazing and very comfortable. Without using any wires, by means of communication, a wireless network able to two or more than two computers.Depends on the technology which is using, wireless networksutilizes spread-spectrum orOFDM. User able to travel about within a wide coverage area and they still can be connected to the network with wireless network. There are different types of wireless networking such as wide area network, local area network and personal area network but the most common are of two which are WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) and WMAN(Wireless Metropolitan Area Network). The usage of wireless networking greater than ever gradually because it has influenced vital impact on the world therefore its uses have substantially developed. Through wireless networks, you can send information over the world using satellites. As wireless network utilize to commune significant information speedily, wireless networks used in emergency services like police department nowadays. It doesnt matter to be in a small office or across the world, the growth of wireless network increasing develops both in people and businesses to send and share data rapidly. An extra very important exercise for wireless networks is as a cheap and fast way to be linked to the Internet in regions especially where telecom transportation is insufficient and no source for communication. You can get access to other network resources like Library Online System to make use of wireless networks because to move your laptop anywhere is very easy nowadays. The use of printer, file sharing and other docum ents with high security is also can be implement with wireless network. (http://www.freewimaxinfo.com/wireless-network.html). IMPROVING THE HIGH-SPEED WIRELESS BROADBAND TECHNOLOGY: Commonly, wideband of frequencies is available to send out information is called broadband refers to telecommunication in which a. Because a wide band of frequencies is available, information can be multiplexed and sent on many different frequencies or channels within the band concurrently, allowing more information to be transmitted in a given amount of time (much as more lanes on a highway allow more cars to travel on it at the same time). Related terms arewideband(a synonym),baseband(a one-channel band), and narrowband(sometimes meaning just wide enough to carry voice, or simply not broadband, and sometimes meaning specifically between 50cpsand 64Kpbs). Meanwhile wireless mean wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path. Wireless is better than wired cable because wireless technology is portable, has premier performance and flexible configuration and integration. Both provider and user want to improve the coverage.So that,the signal has good indoor penetration for residential and enterprise applications fast rollout and wide coverage.For the wireless broadband company they want to improve and achieve better capacity which can support sufficiently high number of simultaneous users.Call quality is one of the factor that both user and provider want to improve so that it will have low latency, high data-rate and high reliability and uptime.Generally user want to have affordable, differentiated tariff packages that suit different user needs plus low CPE (customer-provided equipment )price. Improving services is also essential so that user has opportunity to replace existing fixed line voice services and upgrade anything regarding their broadband without any complicated policy.Beside that, technology is based on open standard to enable economic of scales and wide adoption.The roadmap of the broadband also must be well defined to enhance technology or broadband services. Traffic management must achieve 80% of the bandwidth for 80% of the users (and not 20% of the users). Broadband should have sufficient spectrum for large-scale deployment long-term growth. Wireless broadband needs to deliver something that is affordable by the user with low cost CPE, low access price, and attractive value-added services -broadband data and voice.Broadband which is easy to install, simple installation and no need for phone lines (broadband on the go) plus best quality which has quick connection and consistently good performance.Finally user want to has portability which has pervasive coverage (including indoor) and always connected. WiMAX: Also known as IEEE 802.16, WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system that is intended for wireless metropolitan area networks. In Malaysia,P1WiMAX is the company that use this technology to implement wireless broadband.WiMAX can give broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 10 miles (5 15 km) for mobile stations. On the contrary, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 300 feet (30 100m). The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for connectingWi-Fi hotspotsto the Internet, providing a wireless alternative to cable andDSLfor last mile broadband access. Besides providing data, telecommunications andIPTVservices (triple play),WiMAX also providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. That is, if a business has both a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage. Finally WiMAX provides portable connectivity. WiMAX technology: Extending broadband wireless access to new locations and over longer distance,WiMAX (802.16) is the next stage to a broadband .In the wireless world,WiMAX reducing the cost of bringing broadband to new areas. WiMAX (802.16) technology provides wider range and bandwidth than the other available or forthcoming broadband wireless technologies such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). It offers a wireless option to wired backhaul and last mile deployments that use cable modems, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOGS1S), Digital Subscriber Line technologies (DSL), T-carrier and E-carrier (Tx/Ex) systems and Optical Carrier Level (OC-x) technologies. Based on the typical connection to the public wireless networks by using optical fibre, microwave link, cable or any other high speed connectivity, the backhaul of the WiMAX (802.16) is created. Mesh networks, Point-to-Multi-Point (PMP) connectivity is also used as a backhaul in a few cases. WiMAX (802.16) should use Point-to-Point antennas as a backhaul ideally to join subscriber sites to each other and to basestations across long distance. A Subscriber Station (WiMAX CPE) typically serves a building using wired or wireless LAN.Using Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) or LOS Point-to-Multi-Point connectivity,a WiMAX basestation serves subscriber stations; both connections is referred to as the last mile communication.WiMAX (802.16) should use NLOS Point-to-Multi-Point antennas to connect residential or business subscribers to the WiMAX Basestation (BS) preferably. Type of WiMAX and receiver: TheWiMAXfamily of standards (802.16) focus on two types of usage models which are afixed WiMAXusage model and amobile WiMAXusage model. Thefixed WiMAXserves the stationary and pedestrian classes meanwhile amobile WiMAXnetwork access system is one that can address the vehicular class Until now one of the important restrictions to the widespread acceptance of WiMAX has been the price of WiMAX CPE (WiMAX Receiver). This is not only the price of WiMAX CPE (WiMAX Receiver) itself, but also that of installation. The idea of a self-installed WiMAX CPE (WiMAX Receiver) has been difficult for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) from the beginning, but with the arrival of WiMAX technology this issue seems to be getting resolved. In the past, BWA has been predominantly Line Of Sight (LOS), requiring highly skilled labour and a truck role to install and provide a service to customer. WiMAX design: Internal devices and a WiMAX tower are the contents of aWiMAX basestation. Some other and environmental issues bound the limits of WiMAX range to 10 km or 6 miles. A WiMAX basestation can normally covers the area of about 50 kilometres or 30 miles radius. The WiMAX basestations would use the media access control layer defines in the standard and would allocate uplink and downlink bandwidth to subscribers according to their requirements on real time basis. Any wireless user within the coverage area would be able to access the WiMAX services. WiMAX in future: Compare to the typical Wi-Fi hot spots, WiMAX technologycan make high speedwireless broadbandInternet services available to much larger areas. Greater than the physical distance limitations of Wi-Fi hot spots or DSL, WiMAX technology can also be used to interconnect existing Wi-Fi networks. WiMAX Technology can play a significant role in helping service providers to deliver converged services that can be accessed using a broad range of devices on a wide variety of networks.WiMAX implementations can provide a wireless range of up to 30 miles or 50 kilometres. By given different capabilities while allowing for seamless integration at the technical level, 3G and WiMAX Technology solutions fit well together. To become highly spectrally efficient, 3G technologies have evolved over many years allowing operators to take benefit of costly spectrum dedicated to mobile services. 3G CDMA technologies such as W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO provide high through puts in low bandwidths as 5 MHz and 1.25 MHz, respectively. Treat to WiMAX and security: WiMAX security, stability and quality of service are some of factors involved in declining the WiMAX technology performance. In this subchapter author is going to discuss the threats involved in WiMAX. WiMAX basestations andWiMAX Customer Premise Equipments are the content of the WiMAX wireless access network. The WiMAX basestations provide network add-on to the WiMAX CPEs. AWiMAX Customer Premise Equipment(WiMAX CPE) selects the one which offers the strongest signal as a servingWiMAX basestation. At this point, aWiMAX basestationand a collection of servedWiMAX Customer Premise Equipments (WiMAX CPEs) play the role of system while the subscriber plays the role of the user. TheMedium Access Control(MAC) layer andphysicallayer are two of most important layers of protocol architecture of WiMAX Technology. Common Partsub layer is the essential part of WiMAX technology layered architecture.MAC ProtocolData Units (PDUs) are constructed, connections are established and bandwidth is managed in this layer. With the Convergence layer, the Common Part (CP) exchangesMACService Data Units (SDUs). Tightly integrated with Common Part is thePrivacy sub layer. With the Physical layer ,the Security sub layer exchanges MAC PDUs. The Convergence layer adapts units of data of higher level protocols to the MAC SDU format, and vice versa. Sorts the incomingMACSDUs by the connections to which they belong by The Convergence layer. Received and transmitted through coding and modulation of radio frequency signals, ThePhysical layeris a two-way mapping between MAC PDUs and Physical layer frames. Type of treats in WiMAX are Rouge Basestation,DoS (Denial of Service) Attacks,Data Link-Layer Threat,Application Layer Threat,Physical Layer Threat,Threat, Authentication, Key, Theft, Water and finally Black Hat Threat. The primaryWiMAX securityconcerns from the point of view of an end user are privacy and data integrity. Users need guarantee that no one can eavesdrop on their sessions and that the data sent across the communication link is not tampered and usually achieved through the use ofWiMAX network encryption. An importantWiMAX securityconsideration is preventing unauthorized use of the network services. From the service providers point of view, using strong authentication and access control methods. The service providers need to prevent fraud should be reasonable against the difficulty that it may impose on the user. Thephysical layer, and theprivacy sub layer are the example of authentication and access controlthat can be implemented at various levels of the network. Multiple-input multiple-output communications(MIMO) technology onWiMAX: The use ofMultiple-input multiple-output communications(MIMO) technology onWiMAX, which is the technology brand name for the implementation of the standardIEEE 802.16 is called WiMAX MIMO. Multiple Input and Multiple Output or MIMO, refers t

Education History :: essays research papers fc

What factors in society ended sectarianism in schools, and made them secular? Probably no single movement so greatly affected colonial America as the Protestant Reformation. Most of the Europeans who came to America were Protestants, but there were many denominations. Lutherans from Germany and Scandinavia settled in the middle colonies along with Puritans and Presbyterians. The Reformation was centered upon efforts to capture the minds of men, therefore great emphasis was placed on the written word. Obviously schools were needed to promote the growth of each denomination. Luther’s doctrines made it necessary for boys and girls to learn to read the Scriptures. While the schools that the colonists established in the 17th century in the New England, southern and middle colonies differed from one another, each reflected a concept of schooling that had been left behind in Europe. Most poor children learned through apprenticeship and had no formal schooling at all. Those who did go to elementary school were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Learning consisted of memorizing, which was stimulated by whipping. The first "basic textbook", the New England Primer, was America’s own contribution to education(Pulliam, Van Patten 86). Used from 1609 until the beginning of the 19th century, its purpose was to teach both religion and reading. The child learning the letter a, for example, also learned that "In Adam’s fall, We sinned all." As in Europe, then, schools in the colonies were strongly influenced by religion. This was particularly true of schools in the New England area, which had been settled by Puritans and other English religious dissenters. The school in colonial New England was not a pleasant place either, physically or psychologically. Great emphasis was placed on the shortness of life and the torments of hell. Like the Protestants of the Reformation, who established vernacular elementary schools in Germany in the 16th century, the Puritans sought to make education universal. They took the first steps toward government-supported universal education in the colonies. In 1647, Puritan Massachusetts passed a law requiring that every child be taught to read. [It being the chief object of that old deluder, Satan, to keep men from the knowledge of the scriptures,†¦it is therefore ordered, that every township†¦after the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty householders,†¦shall†¦appoint one within their town to teach all children as shall resort him to read and write. It is further ordered, that where any town shall increase to the number of one hundred families†¦they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the university. Education History :: essays research papers fc What factors in society ended sectarianism in schools, and made them secular? Probably no single movement so greatly affected colonial America as the Protestant Reformation. Most of the Europeans who came to America were Protestants, but there were many denominations. Lutherans from Germany and Scandinavia settled in the middle colonies along with Puritans and Presbyterians. The Reformation was centered upon efforts to capture the minds of men, therefore great emphasis was placed on the written word. Obviously schools were needed to promote the growth of each denomination. Luther’s doctrines made it necessary for boys and girls to learn to read the Scriptures. While the schools that the colonists established in the 17th century in the New England, southern and middle colonies differed from one another, each reflected a concept of schooling that had been left behind in Europe. Most poor children learned through apprenticeship and had no formal schooling at all. Those who did go to elementary school were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Learning consisted of memorizing, which was stimulated by whipping. The first "basic textbook", the New England Primer, was America’s own contribution to education(Pulliam, Van Patten 86). Used from 1609 until the beginning of the 19th century, its purpose was to teach both religion and reading. The child learning the letter a, for example, also learned that "In Adam’s fall, We sinned all." As in Europe, then, schools in the colonies were strongly influenced by religion. This was particularly true of schools in the New England area, which had been settled by Puritans and other English religious dissenters. The school in colonial New England was not a pleasant place either, physically or psychologically. Great emphasis was placed on the shortness of life and the torments of hell. Like the Protestants of the Reformation, who established vernacular elementary schools in Germany in the 16th century, the Puritans sought to make education universal. They took the first steps toward government-supported universal education in the colonies. In 1647, Puritan Massachusetts passed a law requiring that every child be taught to read. [It being the chief object of that old deluder, Satan, to keep men from the knowledge of the scriptures,†¦it is therefore ordered, that every township†¦after the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty householders,†¦shall†¦appoint one within their town to teach all children as shall resort him to read and write. It is further ordered, that where any town shall increase to the number of one hundred families†¦they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the university.

Essay --

Revolutionary War Essay There were so many famous spies that were involved in the revolutionary war, and helped tremendously. The British and the Colonist had spies that did work against each side. Benjamin Franklin was not only an inventor he was also a spy he went to England multiple times and spied on parliament for the Colonist. His family was loyal to the crown so he could get in and out without being suspicious or raising any alarm. Nathan Hale was also a major spy who made a difference in the war. He only had one mission as a spy, because he was caught. His occupation was being a school teacher in England, while being the school teacher he would collect his notes on what he saw that would help the Colonist. As he was going to a meeting to give the information he wrote down to the Americans he was caught. He thought that the boat arriving was the Americans when really it was the British, and when they stopped for him they searched him. While searching him they found the papers with the inform ation he collected from spying and was arrested. He was then sentenced to hang the next day, and his tragic death would inspire the nation as he was more a martyr then a spy. Then we can’t forgot the most famous and traitorous British spy Benedict Arnold. Congress made Benedict Arnold angry, and he decided to trade secretly with the British. He was very helpful to the British, because he was close to Washington. His mailman was then found eventually with a letter to the British general, and was beheaded. Arnold then heard of his mailman’s death, so he fled to England and was awarded for his services. Men weren’t the only ones spying there were also women spies. There was a woman named Miss Jenny who was a British ... ...hen she would do her laundry if she left a white sheet up, then it meant there was a letter to be picked up. These spies used so many different codes and strategies that were very difficult to interpret, and kept them in the dark from the country they were spying on. Spies had to have amazing memorization skills, because of the codes. Types of coded writing were numbers that stood for different meanings like certain numbers would mean George Washington, fort, attack etc. The spies would also have silver containers that could be swallowed to keep the information from being found at blockades. That takes some serious dedication, because swallowing a silver container could be detrimental to their health. These spies went to extreme measures to not get caught, and if they were they would rarely break and give up the information and that takes determination.

Essay --

Did you know? That the first mechanical computer was built in 1939 by Professor John V. Atanasoff in Iowa State; furthermore, it weighed 750 lbs, and had a memory storage of 3,000 bits which is equivalent to 0.4 Kilobyte. Computers today are known as PC, desktop, and laptop, and they less cost efficiency today because the technology we have today makes it so much easier to build desktops; in addition, of components such as the CPU, Motherboard, Memory, Storage, Video Card, Power Supply, and Case. Computers today weighed less in lbs; ergonomic designs are more slick; and the cost efficient makes it affordable to most computer buyers. Most computer companies has challenged one another: indeed, of specifications to slick designs to catch the computer buyers attention. Computers utilization today are mainly for multipurpose from business to entertainment.Computers is beneficial, it has started business and entertainment. Computer has made business much easier for people to find j obs. Games can be found in computer which can be entertainment for PC users. Computers today have been utilized in our everyday lives. People can surf the web, check their emails, and chat with people on social Medias. There are also negative effects of computers, it can cause many students to procrastinate on their homework or studying because Facebook and entertainment can be a very distracting. It’s a fact that it has caused most children to lack of extracurricular activity because now children are more into their computers then going outside to play and have fun with friends. Computers can be built by parts, such as the following components: CPU, Motherboard, Memory, storage, Video Card, Power Supply, and Case. For example, many of my friends tha... ...nd extremely expensive to buy. The first 1 gigabit disk drive was worth $40,000 and weigh 550 pounds. Computers were also used in the military to track missile or to start a missile and track enemy on the radar. The average human blinks 20 times a minute but when using computer blinks 7 times a minute. Computer has taught me, how to do coding with java script which is one of the computer language that I learned online. Java script has taught many people how to develop website or even make video games for other people to play. There are many other computer languages for me to learn in the upper division courses which I’m so ready for. Some people call â€Å"Java† as coffee drink. Many high school today don’t teach students how to coding because it’s not that popular right now. To me coding is like a magic power that I can transform or make things the way I want to be.

Solutions Hmwk

ISDS-361AExercises 1. Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Variance & SD Panayiotis Skordi 1. A basketball player has the following points for seven games: 20, 25, 32, 18, 19, 22, 30 Compute the following measures of central location: a. mean b. median c. mode Answers a. Mean[pic] b. Median[pic] c. Mode There is no mode. 2. Consider the following population of measurements: 162, 152, 177, 157, 184, 176, 165, 181, 170, 163 a. compute the mean b. compute the median Answers a. Mean[pic] b. Median [pic] [pic] 3. The following data represent the number of children in a sample of 10 families from a certain community: , 2, 1, 1, 5, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2 a. compute the range b. compute the variance c. compute the standard deviation Answers a. Range [pic] b. Variance[pic] Remember that [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] 14 2. 14. 41 22 0. 10. 01 31-0. 90. 81 41-0. 90. 81 55 3. 19. 61 63 1. 11. 21 70-1. 93. 61 81-0. 90. 81 90-1. 93. 61 102 0. 10. 01 Total1924. 9 [pic] Method 2[pic] [pic][pic][pic] 1416 224 311 411 5525 639 700 811 900 1024 Total1961 [pic] This is the same answer – as we would expect. c. The standard deviation is [pic] 4. Consider the following population of measurements: 162, 152, 177, 157, 184, 176, 165, 181, 170, 163 a. ompute the standard deviation Answer [pic] Remember that [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] |1 |162 | |-6. 70 | |44. 89 | |2 |152 | |-16. 70 | |278. 89 | |3 |177 | |8. 30 | |68. 89 | |4 |157 | |-11. 70 | |136. 89 | |5 |184 | |15. 30 | |234. 09 | |6 |176 | |7. 30 | |53. 29 | |7 |165 | |-3. 0 | |13. 69 | |8 |181 | |12. 30 | |151. 29 | |9 |170 | |1. 30 | |1. 69 | |10 |163 | |-5. 70 | |32. 49 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total |1687. 0 | | | |1016. 10 | [pic] The standard deviation is the square root of the variance [pic] Method 2[pic] pic][pic][pic] |1 |162 | |26244 | |2 |152 | |23104 | |3 |177 | |31329 | |4 |157 | |24649 | |5 |184 | |33856 | |6 |176 | |30976 | |7 |165 | |27225 | |8 |181 | |32761 | |9 |170 | |28900 | |10 |163 | |26569 | | | | | | | | | | | | |1687 | |285613 | [pic] As before, the standard deviation is the square root of the variance pic] 5. Monthly rent data in dollars for a sample of one-bedroom apartments in a small town in Iowa are as follows: 220, 216, 220, 205, 210, 240, 195, 235, 204 and 205. a. compute the sample monthly average rent. b. compute the sample median. c. what is the mode? Answers a. Average [pic] [pic][pic] |1 |220 | |2 |216 | |3 |220 | |4 |205 | |5 |210 | |6 |240 | |7 |195 | |8 |235 | |9 |204 | |10 |205 | | | | | |2,150 | | | [pic] b. MEDIAN 195 204 205 205 210 216 220 220 235 240 [pic] c. MODE205 and 220 (bimodal) 6. A sample of 25 families was asked how many pets they owned. Their responses were summarized in the following table: |Number of Pets |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |Number of Families |3 |10 |5 |4 |2 |1 | Determine the mean, median and the mode of the number of pets owned per family. ANSWERS a. MEAN[pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] 0 |3 |0 | |1 |10 |10 | |2 |5 |10 | |3 |4 |12 | |4 |2 |8 | |5 |1 |5 | | | | | | |25 |45 | [pic] b. MEDIAN1 median is 13th observation. c. MODE 1 most families have 1 pet. 7.The following data represent the ages in years of a sample of 25 employees from a government department: 31,43,56,23,49,42,33,61,44,28,48,38,44,35,40,64,52,42,47,39,53,27,36,35 and 20. Construct a relative frequency distribution for the data, using five class intervals and the value 20 as the lower limit of the first class. |20 | | | |23 | | | |27 | | | |28 | |4 | |31 | | | |33 | | | |35 | | | 35 | | | |36 | | | |38 | | | |39 | |7 | |40 | | | |42 | | | |42 | | | |43 | | | |44 | | | |44 | | | |47 | | | |48 | | | |49 | |9 | |52 | | | 53 | | | |56 | |3 | |61 | | | |64 | |2 | |Class Limits |Frequency |Relative Frequency | | | | | |20 upto 30 |4 |0. 16 | |30 upto 40 |7 |0. 28 | |40 upto 50 |9 |0. 36 | |50 upto 60 |3 |0. 12 | |60 upto 70 |2 |0. 8 | | | | | | |25 |1. 00 | 8. How many hours a day do college students spend studying? That question was asked to 100 college students, and the data are p resented in the table below. Hours per DayFrequency 0-225 2-448 4-615 6-89 8-103 a. compute the range b. compute the average hours per day spent studying. c. compute the variance of the number of hours per day spent studying d. find the median e. find the mode Answers a. The range is 10-0 = 10 b. Average[pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] 1 |0-2 |25 |1 |25 | |2 |2-4 |48 |3 |144 | |3 |4-6 |15 |5 |75 | |4 |6-8 |9 |7 |63 | |5 |8-10 |3 |9 |27 | | | | | | | | | |100 | |334 | [pic] c. compute the variance of the number of hours per day spent studying [pic] note that [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] |1 |0-2 |25 |1 |-2. 34 |5. 4756 |136. 89 | |2 |2-4 |48 |3 |-0. 34 |0. 1156 |5. 488 | |3 |4-6 |15 |5 |1. 66 |2. 7556 |41. 334 | |4 |6-8 |9 |7 |3. 66 |13. 3956 |120. 5604 | |5 |8-10 |3 |9 |5. 66 |32. 0356 |96. 1068 | | | | | | | | | | | |100 | | |53. 7780 |400. 4400 | [pic] Method 2 [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] 1 |0-2 |25 |1 |25 |25 | |2 |2-4 |48 |3 |144 |432 | |3 |4-6 |15 |5 |75 |37 5 | |4 |6-8 |9 |7 |63 |441 | |5 |8-10 |3 |9 |27 |243 | | | | | | | | | | |100 | |334 |1516 | [pic] d. Find the MEDIAN3 e. Find the MODE3 9. The following data is for the daily room rate in $, for staying at various hotels in downtown LA Hotels Offering RateDaily room rate 130 50 1470 690 3110 4130 1150 1170a. Compute the range b. Compute the average daily room rate. c. Compute the variance of the room rate. d. Find the median. e. Find the mode. Answers a. Range 170-30 =140 b. Average[pic]where [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] | 1 |1 |30 |30 | |2 |7 |50 |350 | |3 |14 |70 |980 | |4 |6 |90 |540 | |5 |3 |110 |330 | |6 |4 |130 |520 | |7 |1 |150 |150 | 8 |1 |170 |170 | | | | | | | |37 | |3070 | [pic] c. Variance of the room rate [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] |1 |1 |30 |-52. 9730 |2806. 1359 |2806. 1359 | |2 |7 |50 |-32. 9730 |1087. 2169 |7610. 5186 | |3 |14 |70 |-12. 9730 |168. 2980 |2356. 1724 | |4 |6 |90 |7. 0270 |49. 3791 |296. 747 | |5 |3 |110 |27. 0270 |730. 4602 |2191. 3806 | |6 |4 |130 |47. 0270 |2211. 5413 |8846. 1651 | |7 |1 |150 |67. 0270 |4492. 6224 |4492. 6224 | |8 |1 |170 |87. 0270 |7573. 7034 |7573. 7034 | | | | | | | | | |37 | |136. 2162 | |36172. 9730 | [pic]Method 2 [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] |1 |1 |30 |30 |900 | |2 |7 |50 |350 |17500 | |3 |14 |70 |980 |68600 | |4 |6 |90 |540 |48600 | |5 |3 |110 |330 |36300 | |6 |4 |130 |520 |67600 | |7 |1 |150 |150 |22500 | |8 |1 |170 |170 |28900 | | | | | | | | |37 | |3,070 |290,900 | [pic] d. Find the MEDIAN70 e. Find the mode70 Solutions Hmwk ISDS-361AExercises 1. Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Variance & SD Panayiotis Skordi 1. A basketball player has the following points for seven games: 20, 25, 32, 18, 19, 22, 30 Compute the following measures of central location: a. mean b. median c. mode Answers a. Mean[pic] b. Median[pic] c. Mode There is no mode. 2. Consider the following population of measurements: 162, 152, 177, 157, 184, 176, 165, 181, 170, 163 a. compute the mean b. compute the median Answers a. Mean[pic] b. Median [pic] [pic] 3. The following data represent the number of children in a sample of 10 families from a certain community: , 2, 1, 1, 5, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2 a. compute the range b. compute the variance c. compute the standard deviation Answers a. Range [pic] b. Variance[pic] Remember that [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] 14 2. 14. 41 22 0. 10. 01 31-0. 90. 81 41-0. 90. 81 55 3. 19. 61 63 1. 11. 21 70-1. 93. 61 81-0. 90. 81 90-1. 93. 61 102 0. 10. 01 Total1924. 9 [pic] Method 2[pic] [pic][pic][pic] 1416 224 311 411 5525 639 700 811 900 1024 Total1961 [pic] This is the same answer – as we would expect. c. The standard deviation is [pic] 4. Consider the following population of measurements: 162, 152, 177, 157, 184, 176, 165, 181, 170, 163 a. ompute the standard deviation Answer [pic] Remember that [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] |1 |162 | |-6. 70 | |44. 89 | |2 |152 | |-16. 70 | |278. 89 | |3 |177 | |8. 30 | |68. 89 | |4 |157 | |-11. 70 | |136. 89 | |5 |184 | |15. 30 | |234. 09 | |6 |176 | |7. 30 | |53. 29 | |7 |165 | |-3. 0 | |13. 69 | |8 |181 | |12. 30 | |151. 29 | |9 |170 | |1. 30 | |1. 69 | |10 |163 | |-5. 70 | |32. 49 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total |1687. 0 | | | |1016. 10 | [pic] The standard deviation is the square root of the variance [pic] Method 2[pic] pic][pic][pic] |1 |162 | |26244 | |2 |152 | |23104 | |3 |177 | |31329 | |4 |157 | |24649 | |5 |184 | |33856 | |6 |176 | |30976 | |7 |165 | |27225 | |8 |181 | |32761 | |9 |170 | |28900 | |10 |163 | |26569 | | | | | | | | | | | | |1687 | |285613 | [pic] As before, the standard deviation is the square root of the variance pic] 5. Monthly rent data in dollars for a sample of one-bedroom apartments in a small town in Iowa are as follows: 220, 216, 220, 205, 210, 240, 195, 235, 204 and 205. a. compute the sample monthly average rent. b. compute the sample median. c. what is the mode? Answers a. Average [pic] [pic][pic] |1 |220 | |2 |216 | |3 |220 | |4 |205 | |5 |210 | |6 |240 | |7 |195 | |8 |235 | |9 |204 | |10 |205 | | | | | |2,150 | | | [pic] b. MEDIAN 195 204 205 205 210 216 220 220 235 240 [pic] c. MODE205 and 220 (bimodal) 6. A sample of 25 families was asked how many pets they owned. Their responses were summarized in the following table: |Number of Pets |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |Number of Families |3 |10 |5 |4 |2 |1 | Determine the mean, median and the mode of the number of pets owned per family. ANSWERS a. MEAN[pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] 0 |3 |0 | |1 |10 |10 | |2 |5 |10 | |3 |4 |12 | |4 |2 |8 | |5 |1 |5 | | | | | | |25 |45 | [pic] b. MEDIAN1 median is 13th observation. c. MODE 1 most families have 1 pet. 7.The following data represent the ages in years of a sample of 25 employees from a government department: 31,43,56,23,49,42,33,61,44,28,48,38,44,35,40,64,52,42,47,39,53,27,36,35 and 20. Construct a relative frequency distribution for the data, using five class intervals and the value 20 as the lower limit of the first class. |20 | | | |23 | | | |27 | | | |28 | |4 | |31 | | | |33 | | | |35 | | | 35 | | | |36 | | | |38 | | | |39 | |7 | |40 | | | |42 | | | |42 | | | |43 | | | |44 | | | |44 | | | |47 | | | |48 | | | |49 | |9 | |52 | | | 53 | | | |56 | |3 | |61 | | | |64 | |2 | |Class Limits |Frequency |Relative Frequency | | | | | |20 upto 30 |4 |0. 16 | |30 upto 40 |7 |0. 28 | |40 upto 50 |9 |0. 36 | |50 upto 60 |3 |0. 12 | |60 upto 70 |2 |0. 8 | | | | | | |25 |1. 00 | 8. How many hours a day do college students spend studying? That question was asked to 100 college students, and the data are p resented in the table below. Hours per DayFrequency 0-225 2-448 4-615 6-89 8-103 a. compute the range b. compute the average hours per day spent studying. c. compute the variance of the number of hours per day spent studying d. find the median e. find the mode Answers a. The range is 10-0 = 10 b. Average[pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] 1 |0-2 |25 |1 |25 | |2 |2-4 |48 |3 |144 | |3 |4-6 |15 |5 |75 | |4 |6-8 |9 |7 |63 | |5 |8-10 |3 |9 |27 | | | | | | | | | |100 | |334 | [pic] c. compute the variance of the number of hours per day spent studying [pic] note that [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] |1 |0-2 |25 |1 |-2. 34 |5. 4756 |136. 89 | |2 |2-4 |48 |3 |-0. 34 |0. 1156 |5. 488 | |3 |4-6 |15 |5 |1. 66 |2. 7556 |41. 334 | |4 |6-8 |9 |7 |3. 66 |13. 3956 |120. 5604 | |5 |8-10 |3 |9 |5. 66 |32. 0356 |96. 1068 | | | | | | | | | | | |100 | | |53. 7780 |400. 4400 | [pic] Method 2 [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] 1 |0-2 |25 |1 |25 |25 | |2 |2-4 |48 |3 |144 |432 | |3 |4-6 |15 |5 |75 |37 5 | |4 |6-8 |9 |7 |63 |441 | |5 |8-10 |3 |9 |27 |243 | | | | | | | | | | |100 | |334 |1516 | [pic] d. Find the MEDIAN3 e. Find the MODE3 9. The following data is for the daily room rate in $, for staying at various hotels in downtown LA Hotels Offering RateDaily room rate 130 50 1470 690 3110 4130 1150 1170a. Compute the range b. Compute the average daily room rate. c. Compute the variance of the room rate. d. Find the median. e. Find the mode. Answers a. Range 170-30 =140 b. Average[pic]where [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic] | 1 |1 |30 |30 | |2 |7 |50 |350 | |3 |14 |70 |980 | |4 |6 |90 |540 | |5 |3 |110 |330 | |6 |4 |130 |520 | |7 |1 |150 |150 | 8 |1 |170 |170 | | | | | | | |37 | |3070 | [pic] c. Variance of the room rate [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] |1 |1 |30 |-52. 9730 |2806. 1359 |2806. 1359 | |2 |7 |50 |-32. 9730 |1087. 2169 |7610. 5186 | |3 |14 |70 |-12. 9730 |168. 2980 |2356. 1724 | |4 |6 |90 |7. 0270 |49. 3791 |296. 747 | |5 |3 |110 |27. 0270 |730. 4602 |2191. 3806 | |6 |4 |130 |47. 0270 |2211. 5413 |8846. 1651 | |7 |1 |150 |67. 0270 |4492. 6224 |4492. 6224 | |8 |1 |170 |87. 0270 |7573. 7034 |7573. 7034 | | | | | | | | | |37 | |136. 2162 | |36172. 9730 | [pic]Method 2 [pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] |1 |1 |30 |30 |900 | |2 |7 |50 |350 |17500 | |3 |14 |70 |980 |68600 | |4 |6 |90 |540 |48600 | |5 |3 |110 |330 |36300 | |6 |4 |130 |520 |67600 | |7 |1 |150 |150 |22500 | |8 |1 |170 |170 |28900 | | | | | | | | |37 | |3,070 |290,900 | [pic] d. Find the MEDIAN70 e. Find the mode70

Evolution of Gender Essay

The evolution of sexual activity issues ever since man can remember, when intimately societies use to regard wo workforce as breakclassed to men. It is no secret that from the number one light speed up to the 21st century women roles digest deviated with time although the change is minimal. In non long time ago, women were regarded by familiar law as people who used to take up their roles as wives and matters subserviently and any deviation that a muliebrity showed from these roles was unheard off and was considered an outcast in the smart set.After the sphere wars, education, politics, warfare, commerce and other(a) form of violence were territories of men, a hardly a(prenominal) women joined men in these venture. The society looked these women with amazement and wonder. Early the 1950s and 60s change started hitting the world curiously in the Chinese environs where women became advocates of women empowerment. (Haslanger, Sally, and Nancy Tuana,2004). In the 1970 s and 80s women started taking their roles seriously enabling them to adopt very fast.Women confronted mens duties with a lot of courage and men started pass judgment the fact that women wanted to carry out the roles. Although or so men gave women cruel financial aid but they have persevered and g one and only(a) forwards with the quest for change in the roles. Haslanger, Sally, and Nancy (Tuana Haslanger, Sally, and Nancy Tuana,2004). The wonder about women regarded as wives and mothers who are unequal to(p) of bringing any change in the society have been brushed forth by many countries giving women tweet most jobs in the country.England and Pakistan have shown the focus which shows that nowadays in England and Pakistan women are often or less equal to men in equipment casualty of respect and all aspects. Women are straight off free to take up riles which were previously considered a dominance by men. exactly one thing prevails terminate that total equality will non be achieved since it is not easy to dash off the illusion that women are inferior to men (KateChopin. org. ,2008) Matters much(prenominal) as education, politics, warfare, business, and almost anything non-domestic were the territories of men where only a few and undismayed women ever ventured.However, as times changed more and more women became advocates of women empowerment. In relation to this, the writer wishes to state that the purpose of this paper is to lay out a work regarded as one of the pioneers in feminist literature. Women evolution is not only a core share of maturation in the world today but also a pissed indication of strong families. Women empowerment puts riches in the hands of women which en sufficients these women to be able to succeed in ensuring their families are successive.The development of women in the societies is proving to be failing in some countries with backward leadership such as Zimbabwe and development will remain lagged behind. Statis tics show an upward trend for change of roles of women in the society at a whole. Although change is not such trenchant it is felt. Statistics demonstrate that in Europe, Africa, Asia, America in reality there is evolution in the focus women are viewed. Although in some cracker-barrel areas there are alarming compute of domestic violence instances reported and they touch on to ability or the demand for women to be empowered.In the late 1800 significant events occurred which changed the roles of women in the society. One of such event was first international womens conference which was held in France in 1892 which highlighted the achievements of women and their rights. Since then women have achieved much in trying to change their lives. In the story of Silk Road of china relating to women competency of growth there has been change of women roles especially entry into the business world although some are being used into the business circles as objects. (KateChopin.org,2008 and Haslanger, Sally, and Nancy Tuana,2004)Works CitedChopin, Kate. The Story of an minute. www. pbs. org common Broadcasting Service. 14 Jun 2008 . Haslanger, Sally, and Nancy Tuana. Topics in Feminism. plato. stanford. edu 15 March 2004. Stanford University. 14 Jun 2008 . KateChopin. org, Kate Chopin The Story of an Hour. www. katechopin. org. 2008. Kate Chopin International Society. 14 Jun 2008 .