Intercultural Communication in the Workplace Essay

Good morning, dobry den, dobry den, Guten Tag, bonjour, buenos dias, these are examples of my native Slovak and five other languages that I can partly understand and speak. I used to think this was a significant number, but I found that there were approximately 4000 languages spoken in the world. It is obvious that we could spend the whole life studying foreign languages and never master all of them. So how do we overcome this barrier? The next part will give a complete summary of the possible solutions according to three authors and will also include my own reflections. The most comprehensive approach to the topic can be found in the book titled â€Å"Intercultural communication in the global workplace† by Linda Beamer and Iris Varner. Linda Beamer is a full professor in the Department of Marketing at California State University, Los Angeles where she teaches marketing courses as well as business communication, intercultural communication and many others. Iris Varner is a professor in the Department of Management and Quantitative Methods, College of Business at Illinois State University, where she teaches the cultural environment of international business. Varner is the author of numerous articles in the area of intercultural managerial communication, and she is also president of the Association for Business Communication. The whole chapter in the book is dedicated to the role of language in the intercultural communication. They believe that language and culture are shaping each other and are intertwined. They show that identical words can have different meanings in different cultures. â€Å"Both the French and the Americans use the word force majeure, but the phrase carries very different meanings. Literally the term means superior or irresistible force. In U. S. legal language, the term refers generally to forces of nature or possible war. The implications are that the terms of a contract may be changed because the risk was not allocated in either the expressed or implied terms of the contract. In European law the term has a broader meaning. It also includes changes in the economic conditions or other circumstances that were not reasonably anticipated when the contract was drawn up. The implication is that when Americans make agreements with Europeans that include discussions of unforeseen circumstances and use the term force majeure, they need to clarify what they mean and spell out what that term covers† (Beamer, Varner, 2008, para. 6). According to Beamer and Varner following points may help in communicating with non-native speakers: Enunciate, speak slowly, avoid slang and colloquialism, be careful about jokes, be sincere, be culturally sensitive, and keep a sense of humor (Beamer, Varner, 2008)Speaking clearly and slowly is helpful. Avoiding slang is necessary because unless the speaker has lived in the country for a long time, there is small chance that he or she will understand. The problem with jokes is that they do not translate well and if they have to be accompanied by lengthy explanations, they usually lose their funniness. Being sincere, culturally sensitive, and keeping sense of humor also affects communication in the positive way. On the other hand, I personally prefer new phenomenon called â€Å"World English† that is described in the work of two authors. According to Smith, â€Å"The geographical spread of English is unique among the languages of the world, throughout history. Countries using English as either a first or a second language are located on all five continents, and the total population of these countries amounts to about 49% of the world’s population† (Smith, 2006). He recognizes six types of World English: US English, Canadian English, Australian, New Zealand English, South African English, Indian English, and West Indian English (Smith, 2006).

Alcoholic Beverage and Quantum Software Essay

Quantum Software does indeed have a problem involving a disagreement in the appropriateness of a company sponsored social activity. This weekly gathering is offered by Quantum’s management as a reward for their productiveness displayed throughout the week. While the get-together appears to be very popular among employees and managers alike, there is at least one party (Bill, the corporate attorney) who voices objection to the weekly festivity (Brown & Harvey, 1995). The problems can be defined in terms of macro; issues having to do with leadership, resources, and the surrounding infrastructure, and micro, which include internal issues such as employee training, empowerment and organizational processes. (Packard 2005). The macro issue is that there is a difference in opinion on whether or not the â€Å"beer bust† is an appropriate means of rewarding the company’s employees. Stan and Erin, the founders of Quantum Software, feel that this time is beneficial because it provides an opportunity to â€Å"encourage the team concept† (Brown & Harvey, 1995). Bill however, after witnessing an employee stumbling as a result of his drinking, questions the company’s liability of providing alcohol during the workday. The micro issue, although not specifically stated in the study, is that coworkers are subject to seeing each other as well as members of management in an intoxicated state; creating a situation where professional integrity could be compromised. The cause for the conflict is the fact that the company is offering its employees alcohol during work hours, creating a situation where Quantum would be held liable should an accident occur at work or as the employees were leaving the office. Additional concerns are warranted in considering that not all employees (based on statistically studies of drinking in the workplace) will be included in an event where drinking alcohol is involved (NZMA, 2006). Additionally, studies show that organizations that encourage drinking at work have a higher rate of employees with drinking problems; which can greatly affect worker performance (National Institute On Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism, 2006). Alternative opportunities should be offered to the employees that would achieve the goals that Stan and Erin have set of creating an atmosphere where workers can â€Å"blow off a little steam† without providing alcohol (Brown & Harvey, 1995). Recognizing that the workers are adults and have the ability to make responsible decisions in regards to drinking, perhaps a social committee could provide an alternate experience to the â€Å"beer bust† that does not conflict with the interest of Quantum Software. There are two recommendations that I would offer to the management team of Quantum Software. First, the monies dedicated to offering the current â€Å"beer bust† should be redirected to an offering that includes all employees, including those that do not drink. This will provide an inclusive atmosphere where all employees can participate. Second, an off-property location should be established by a social committee (not management) where employees have the opportunity to â€Å"socialize over a beer without the pressure of work† (Brown & Harvey, 1995). This way the employees are on their own time and are responsible for their own actions; relieving Quantum Software of any responsibility for its employee’s actions. References Brown, D. & Harvey D. (2006). An experimental approach to organization and development. Upper Saddle River: Pearson National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2008). Alcohol and the workplace Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http://alcoholism. about. com/od/work/l/blnaa44. htm NZMA (2006). Alcohol consumption. Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http://www. nzma. org. nz/journal/116-1184/645/Figures%20and%20tables. pdf Packard,T. (1995). TQM and organizational change and development. Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http://www. improve. org/tqm. html#Exhibit%20I:%20A%20Force%20Field %20.

Case study of dove soap Essay

â€Å"I think Canada was just really ready for it,† says Aviva Groll, group account director at Ogilvy, who has worked on Dove since 2004. â€Å"There was a lot of support internally at Unilever, it struck a chord†¦ [It was] a time of great experimentation and great leadership that allowed that to happen. † Groll also notes that having the budget available and co-operation amongst the product categories to allow for a campaign centred on the brand as a whole meant everything fell into place for a Canada-first launch. What followed was unexpected buzz as the campaign gained traction around the world, becoming a major water cooler topic before the days of social media spreading ideas like wildfire. New Dove products were launched using the same creative idea – showing real women with different hair types, skin types and body types, loving themselves and their favourite Dove products, often in their underwear. While the water cooler buzz and media attention escalated (Oprah had those underwear-clad women on her show), one of the most talked-about aspects of the campaign came as a complete surprise to MacLeod and her team – the viral power of striking the right chord. By now, almost everyone has seen the â€Å"Evolution† video on YouTube (12 million people and counting), depicting a woman who gets transformed, through makeup and Photoshop, into a model, proving that even The Dove billboard can easily be compared to the story of the â€Å"World of Wrestling† from Barthes Mythologies. In the story, wrestling is described as a myth for the simple reason that the audience doesn’t care if a wrestling match is rigged, but rather what it is seeing taking place. They don’t think about reality or truth. In fact, they really don’t think at all; they see (Barthes 2000, p. 15). This can be applied to the Dove advertisement because the audience is only engaged with what it sees, not with the truth and persuasion of the ad. The target audience doesn’t realize that what they’re seeing was all a process to evoke a certain message and get them to think a certain way about their product or have meaning to the audience. And think a certain way they did. Ultimately Dove’s daring strategy increased their sales and market share. Women were able to connect to the ad, which in turn made them buy the product. The campaign led to the Dove Self Esteem Fund, which gave Dove even more media exposure with the making of YouTube videos and clips. As one can see, Dove successfully turned around their advertising tactics, which led to increased sales and changed feelings toward Dove products. These products were the same beauty products before and after the new campaign, but successful advertising allowed for people to view the products as something totally different. According to the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Model, mass media has a powerful influence over people, and can deliberately alter or control the mass audiences’ behaviour. I suppose this is not in argument today. The Dove billboard can easily be compared to the story of the â€Å"World of Wrestling† from Barthes Mythologies. In the story, wrestling is described as a myth for the simple reason that the audience doesn’t care if a wrestling match is rigged, but rather what it is seeing taking place. They don’t think about reality or truth. In fact, they really don’t think at all; they see (Barthes 2000, p. 15). This can be applied to the Dove advertisement because the audience is only engaged with what it sees, not with the truth and persuasion of the ad. The target audience doesn’t realize that what they’re seeing was all a process to evoke a certain message and get them to think a certain way about their product or have meaning to the audience. And think a certain way they did. Ultimately Dove’s daring strategy increased their sales and market share. Women were able to connect to the ad, which in turn made them buy the product. The campaign led to the Dove Self Esteem Fund, which gave Dove even more media exposure with the making of YouTube videos and clips. As one can see, Dove successfully turned around their advertising tactics, which led to increased sales and changed feelings toward Dove products. These products were the same beauty products before and after the new campaign, but successful advertising allowed for people to view the products as something totally different. According to the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Model, mass media has a powerful influence over people, and can deliberately alter or control the mass audiences’ behaviour. I suppose this is not in argument today. The Dove billboard can easily be compared to the story of the â€Å"World of Wrestling† from Barthes Mythologies. In the story, wrestling is described as a myth for the simple reason that the audience doesn’t care if a wrestling match is rigged, but rather what it is seeing taking place. They don’t think about reality or truth. In fact, they really don’t think at all; they see (Barthes 2000, p. 15). This can be applied to the Dove advertisement because the audience is only engaged with what it sees, not with the truth and persuasion of the ad. The target audience doesn’t realize that what they’re seeing was all a process to evoke a certain message and get them to think a certain way about their product or have meaning to the audience. And think a certain way they did. Ultimately Dove’s daring strategy increased their sales and market share. Women were able to connect to the ad, which in turn made them buy the product. The campaign led to the Dove Self Esteem Fund, which gave Dove even more media exposure with the making of YouTube videos and clips. As one can see, Dove successfully turned around their advertising tactics, which led to increased sales and changed feelings toward Dove products. These products were the same beauty products before and after the new campaign, but successful advertising allowed for people to view the products as something totally different. According to the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Model, mass media has a powerful influence over people, and can deliberately alter or control the mass audiences’ behaviour. I suppose this is not in argument today. The Dove billboard can easily be compared to the story of the â€Å"World of Wrestling† from Barthes Mythologies. In the story, wrestling is described as a myth for the simple reason that the audience doesn’t care if a wrestling match is rigged, but rather what it is seeing taking place. They don’t think about reality or truth. In fact, they really don’t think at all; they see (Barthes 2000, p. 15). This can be applied to the Dove advertisement because the audience is only engaged with what it sees, not with the truth and persuasion of the ad. The target audience doesn’t realize that what they’re seeing was all a process to evoke a certain message and get them to think a certain way about their product or have meaning to the audience. And think a certain way they did. Ultimately Dove’s daring strategy increased their sales and market share. Women were able to connect to the ad, which in turn made them buy the product. The campaign led to the Dove Self Esteem Fund, which gave Dove even more media exposure with the making of YouTube videos and clips. As one can see, Dove successfully turned around their advertising tactics, which led to increased sales and changed feelings toward Dove products. These products were the same beauty products before and after the new campaign, but successful advertising allowed for people to view the products as something totally different. According to the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Model, mass media has a powerful influence over people, and can deliberately alter or control the mass audiences’ behaviour. I suppose this is not in argument today. The Dove billboard can easily be compared to the story of the â€Å"World of Wrestling† from Barthes Mythologies. In the story, wrestling is described as a myth for the simple reason that the audience doesn’t care if a wrestling match is rigged, but rather what it is seeing taking place. They don’t think about reality or truth. In fact, they really don’t think at all; they see (Barthes 2000, p. 15). This can be applied to the Dove advertisement because the audience is only engaged with what it sees, not with the truth and persuasion of the ad. The target audience doesn’t realize that what they’re seeing was all a process to evoke a certain message and get them to think a certain way about their product or have meaning to the audience. And think a certain way they did. Ultimately Dove’s daring strategy increased their sales and market share. Women were able to connect to the ad, which in turn made them buy the product. The campaign led to the Dove Self Esteem Fund, which gave Dove even more media exposure with the making of YouTube videos and clips. As one can see, Dove successfully turned around their advertising tactics, which led to increased sales and changed feelings toward Dove products. These products were the same beauty products before and after the new campaign, but successful advertising allowed for people to view the products as something totally different. According to the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Model, mass media has a powerful influence over people, and can deliberately alter or control the mass audiences’ behaviour. I suppose this is not in argument today. The Dove billboard can easily be compared to the story of the â€Å"World of Wrestling† from Barthes Mythologies. In the story, wrestling is described as a myth for the simple reason that the audience doesn’t care if a wrestling match is rigged, but rather what it is seeing taking place. They don’t think about reality or truth. In fact, they really don’t think at all; they see (Barthes 2000, p. 15). This can be applied to the Dove advertisement because the audience is only engaged with what it sees, not with the truth and persuasion of the ad. The target audience doesn’t realize that what they’re seeing was all a process to evoke a certain message and get them to think a certain way about their product or have meaning to the audience. And think a certain way they did. Ultimately Dove’s daring strategy increased their sales and market share. Women were able to connect to the ad, which in turn made them buy the product. The campaign led to the Dove Self Esteem Fund, which gave Dove even more media exposure with the making of YouTube videos and clips. As one can see, Dove successfully turned around their advertising tactics, which led to increased sales and changed feelings toward Dove products. These products were the same beauty products before and after the new campaign, but successful advertising allowed for people to view the products as something totally different. According to the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Model, mass media has a powerful influence over people, and can deliberately alter or control the mass audiences’ behaviour. I suppose this is not in argument today. The Dove billboard can easily be compared to the story of the â€Å"World of Wrestling† from Barthes Mythologies. In the story, wrestling is described as a myth for the simple reason that the audience doesn’t care if a wrestling match is rigged, but rather what it is seeing taking place. They don’t think about reality or truth. In fact, they really don’t think at all; they see (Barthes 2000, p. 15). This can be applied to the Dove advertisement because the audience is only engaged with what it sees, not with the truth and persuasion of the ad. The target audience doesn’t realize that what they’re seeing was all a process to evoke a certain message and get them to think a certain way about their product or have meaning to the audience. And think a certain way they did. Ultimately Dove’s daring strategy increased their sales and market share. Women were able to connect to the ad, which in turn made them buy the product. The campaign led to the Dove Self Esteem Fund, which gave Dove even more media exposure with the making of YouTube videos and clips. As one can see, Dove successfully turned around their advertising tactics, which led to increased sales and changed feelings toward Dove products. These products were the same beauty products before and after the new campaign, but successful advertising allowed for people to view the products as something totally different. According to the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Model, mass media has a powerful influence over people, and can deliberately alter or control the mass audiences’ behaviour. I suppose this is not in argument today.

Teacher's Pension Scheme Reforms in the UK Essay

Teacher's Pension Scheme Reforms in the UK - Essay Example Issues involved in the scheme The TPS of UK currently assumes a defined benefit scheme of final salary of teachers. This translates into the fact that retirement benefits, as well as the final salary of individual teachers, is based on the length a teacher has been in service. This has seen calculation of final salary of retirement benefits based on either the best of a teacher’s salary within the twelve months before retirement, or calculated as the best average of any three successive years of salary in the last ten years. However, the union chiefs have taken a stand to demand the reformation of the method that is being used in the calculation of the retirement benefits. The chiefs argue that this method of calculating final salary is unfair, for it only benefits high flyers at the expense of low flyers that are in the same professional groups. Conversely, the government is of the opinion that it is the way to go, and, therefore, rooting for the maintenance of the scheme onl y that the final salary be replaced by a revalued earning scheme that is career averaged (Lewicki et al, 56). Another issue is the retirement age where it has been noted that life expectancy of people in UK is on the rise. This means that retiring at 60 results into teachers spending approximately 40% of their lives in retirement as compared to earlier years like 1955 when life expectancy was low (Department of Education, 1). Government ministers demand that the retirement age take into account the increases in the life expectancy, in addition to, reformation of the normal pension age so that it corresponds with the state pension age. However, the union chiefs are opposed to the increase in pension age to 65. In terms of contributions, the issue is the monthly contributions to teachers’ pensions. The government is of the view that the monthly contributions be increased and that the contribution levels be tied to the earning s to protect the low aid teachers. However, union ch iefs are opposed to this, for this will only function to  favor the employers who will have an upper hand in determining the teachers’ pensions. The final issue is the issue regarding returning to work after a teacher retires. The union chiefs root for abatement of teachers’ pension as the government root for a reduction of pension on return with an increase upon retirement. Tactics employed The government minister’s concern is the increasing cost of running the TPS which is purely unfunded. This means that the contributions paid by both employers and employees are the ones used to pay out pension benefits to teachers by the government department (Education Department, 1). Therefore, in a way of raising these funds as well as allowing for saving, the government figured out on how they can have teachers themselves contribute to this plan. This was transferred to the monthly contributions teachers make to the TPS. It was, thus, consequential that teacher’ s contributions be increased by an average of 3.2 percent that is from 6.4 percent to 9.6% by 2014. This may translate to a person earning forty thousand dollars seeing an increase of up to 64% in the monthly contributions (Lewicki et al, 1). However, this is under the disguise of

Marketing planning and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing planning and Control - Essay Example They have won the Liveable City Award of London in 2006 and was the first supermarket to ever sign a partnership contract with local beef farmers pertaining organic beef supply. The company's unending efforts to source out viable products and suppliers made them extend their internal training and orientation of this array of shelf food products on noted chemically established effects of pesticides to their raw materials resources and producers and on to the first level farmers. Stressing that all of their farm products comply with the UK or its equivalent animal welfare standards, I proudly commend Sainsbury's effort to provide the freshest product with the most accurate product info labels to the least product pricing offer as possible. Sainsbury has been performing strongly with total sales up to 8.3% to 9,549 million and sales growth of 6.2%, pre tax profit of 123.0%, delivery of 1.3 billion of additional sales after 18 months.2 The company is said to have employed a total number of 153,000 employees and have established 728 supermarkets UK based and a duly represented website for online shoppers worldwide. Sainsbury is said to be UK's third largest food retailer.3 Established in 1869 by John James and May Ann Sainsbury, Sainsbury's internet based home delivery shopping service currently operates from ninety seven (97) stores. In addition to its high quality food and fresh grocery produ... Marketing Audit of Products, Goods and Services: In addition to its high quality food and fresh grocery products, Sainsbury has been retailing books, CDs, DVDs, MP3s, videos and computer games. Also on display are flowers, wine, gifts, and electrical parts or accessories. On board with the online shopping directory is a provision for the banking and insurance needs of the customers or consumers with affiliate Sainsbury's Bank. The bank offers wide array of services on credit cards and personal loans of lower interest rates, simple savings and investments (child trust funds to internet savings), car financing all present via online banking. This study aims to make a Proposal on the Marketing Plan of Sainsbury's Supermarket Stores only. SWOT Analysis: A. History of Mergers and Acquisitions Sainsbury PLC is the parent company of Sainsbury's Supermarkets nationally known as plain Sainsbury at present. Its chains of supermarkets were acquired thru constant effort of branch-outs and thru merger and acquisitions. Bell Stores of North East England was acquired in February 2004. It was composed of fifty four (54) high quality convenience stores. Jackson's Stores across Yorkshire and North Midland was acquired in August 2004. It was composed of one hundred fourteen (114) stores and was UK's leading independent, regional convenience store. JB Beaumont of East Midlands was acquired in November 2004. It was composed of six (6) convenience stores and has been regarded as a long established neighborhood convenience store operator. We can give due credit to Sainsburys financial cost saving analyst on his fatigue causing search for branch outs and extensions by buying other known retail stores apart from managing its liabilities on hand. Inventories

Coursework on HgbA1C control diabetes Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On HgbA1C control diabetes - Coursework Example The infrequent laboratory blood glucose may be the most common use of these tools If the value of HbA1c is adequate, clinicians rely on the therapy without much questioning. The most authentic assays of HbA1c are those performed in a high quality clinical laboratory, one standardized to the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) The intake of food which contains a relatively high level of glucose results into increase glucose concentration in the blood. The level of HbA1c increases. In this way, the chances of catching diabetes increases. Diabetic patients get enveloped in major diseases which include heart attack, blockage in vein, and many other micro-vascular diseases. A person without diabetes will have a haemoglobin A1c test of around 5%. The A1c level should be less than 7% in a health human. Level above 8% is dangerous and needs to be medicated. The HbA1c has some targets which need to be met in order to decide whether the person has a high or low level of glucose concentration in the blood. The targets as are follow; People are recommended to measure their glucose level constantly. This test involves a small volume of blood and can be performed at home or in a doctor’s office. The sample of blood tested is taken to lab which is later presented to the doctor. Home testing is also done easily though a few professionals consider it less accurate. However, home testing is inexpensive so is widely common. (Gilles,

Analysis of the function of Hedging in the Futures Market Dissertation

Analysis of the function of Hedging in the Futures Market - Dissertation Example The author of the dissertation "Analysis of the function of Hedging in the Futures Market" begins with the introduction where shows her concern that Individual investors, business establishments and portfolio managers are all exposed to price risks, which they counter or minimize by hedging in the futures market. Though not meant for making money, hedging has proved to be a good option for reducing price risks consequently minimizing losses. Besides guarding against price risks, hedging, when executed prudently, can bring in multiple benefits like stabilizing market volatility, absorbing unexpected market pressures and even providing competitive edge during depressed market conditions and when price wars intensify. The futures market acts as the platform, which the investors use for minimizing risks and following exponential growth in hedging, the futures markets have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, hedging is not so simple as it appears and there are no sure sh ot formulas to always win at it either. Today, hedging can make or break an organization or an individual investor and as such adequate knowledge of the roles and technicalities of hedging in the futures market is of paramount importance. As a result of globalization today’s enterprises are increasingly facing various risks over time like risks in prices and productions. These risks not only affect the enterprises but also extend to the individual investors and portfolio managers who put money in the stocks of the companies (5).

1111786 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

1111786 - Essay Example In addition, the language records great reliability, leading to its robustness. Its widespread application in computers, cell phones, cards, and other devices also emphasize its importance as a programming tool. Therefore, in comparison to other computing languages, java possesses more benefits that the current society needs to rely on for further advancement. In comparison to other technologies, java accounts for an enormous portion of the growth of many internet based businesses, since its introduction in 1995. It serves as the most popular programming language worldwide as millions of people utilize it in different types of computer applications. In relation to C++ and visual basic, java records greater developer demand, making it the de facto language for most web-based services. More to these, most institutions use java in their introductory courses, which means that java possesses more demand compared to other languages. Many java advantages account for the high demand. The C++ language and other similar languages, for example, require one to write a code that explicitly releases memory for other programs to access it. Failure to write this code or writing the code wrongly leads to the development of memory leaks that slows the programs. Consequent to this, the operating system gets to run out of memory and the computer stops working. On the other hand, one does not need to release memory explicitly. Java allows memory to be freed automatically when no longer in use. This emanates from the java virtual machine that consists of a special process, known as the garbage collector. The process determines which data is still be ing used, thus maintaining it in memory, and which data is no longer in use, thus deleting it. Therefore, the java technology provides its users with a better system compared to other programming technologies. The java language also offers a high level of safety to its users compared to, such languages as C or C++. This follows from the

Dixie Industries Womens Group Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dixie Industries Womens Group - Case Study Example Dixie Industries, Inc has recently faced accusations from an ad hoc committee of female employees â€Å"of a continuing pervasive bias in promotions in favor of men†. The spokes person for this woman’s group Mrs. Linda S. Feldman, has written to the President of Dixie Industries to explain to him their concerns of their future promotional opportunities within Dixie Industries due to the company’s promotional practices. She has demanded a response from the President and the Executive Committee. The main problems faced by Dixie Industries and in need of addressing immediately, in this situation are; job action, the group could instigate a slow down, walk out or some other job action which will affect negatively the company’s ability to respond to customer orders and remain competitive; unionization; productivity, any job action would slow down productivity of the company which has already been below industry standards for the past year; publicity, exposure of these allegations would hurt the image of the company within the local community which would drive the stock prices down.... motivation. This in turn would affect the productivity and turn over of thecompany. The group may also seek community support by publicizing theissue through the media. Alternative 2 Dixie Industries could invite Mrs. Feldman and the women's group to meetwith the President and Executive Committee of the Company. At this meeting the President's views of providing definite equal opportunities for males andfemales given the possession of the necessary qualifications for any givendesignation could be explained and stressed to the group. Having identifiedand specified the groups main concerns, the DI leadership could appoint acommittee to look closely into these concerns together with the procedure andresults of the study done on this subject by the women's group. The DICommittee could conduct their own study and compile results from thatwhich could be compared with the study and results of the women's group.At the end of this process, both the Committee and the group could evaluatethe best possible actions to be taken for the betterment of the Company andthe employees. Recommendation I would definitely recommend the second alternative. By approaching theproblem in this way, Dixie Industries would; Avoid antagonizing the

Conscious Obedience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conscious Obedience - Essay Example In a very general sense, everyone obeys out of their own self-interest. However, this places the fear of punishment on an equal plane with the promise of a reward and does not shed much light on the underlying reasons. The question that needs to be answered is; what self-interest are we fulfilling when we obey Kelman and Hamilton argue that obedience comes from one of three rationalizations. Compliance for self-interest, acknowledgment of authority, or ethical concerns (Tyler 1090). A person may comply with the request to work overtime at no pay in hopes of getting a promotion. In their identification of authority model, a person may act against their better judgment if the boss orders them to take an illegal action. People also have the capacity to exercise free will and act according to their own value system. Psychological theorists can help explain obedience by examining the motivation behind the reward we receive for compliance. Maslow would describe the humanist viewpoint as obeying to gain respect and recognition from authority. Skinner would see obedience as a natural conditioned reaction to doing what we are told. Bronfenbrenner describes a myriad of authorities that we obey on an individual or group level. The echological argument holds that patriotism is obedience to nationalism. Obedience can take many forms and the authority may be abstract. Young children may obey their parents because they understand it is the right thing to do and is an ethical decision. It may be self-interest, as they will obey them to avoid their parent's punishment, or to gain a reward. However, a child's inner logic may not be apparent through their actions alone. Children who have been abused, neglected, or feel abandoned may withdraw and suffer from defeatism (Singer, Dornenbal, and Okma, 601). They will display obedience though it may not be for the self-interest that it appears. In a study of children by Singer, Dornenbal, and Okma, the researchers found significantly more foster children offered little or no resistance to parental authority than their birthchildren counterparts (596). Birthchildren had a much higher incidence of offering fierce resistance in a disciplinary conflict than foster children (596). In the case of the foster children, the researchers noted that, "Their main goal is unilateral-self-saving [...] Their main interests are fear of punishment and a feeling of powerlessness" (601). The birthchildren that were offering intense rebellion were said to have, " [...] unilateral coercive goals to get their own way" (594). The birthchildren were acting in self-interest to exploit the parental authority's lack of resolve, while the foster children were obeying for self-preservation. As children grow into adulthood, they will for the most part become more aware of the need for obedience. The cost of punishment by law enforcement will generally get most people to abide by acceptable customs. The need for a steady paycheck will insure that they will put their feelings aside when taken advantage of in the workplace. They may rationalize to themselves, and others, that they are being obedient in order to live up to a moral or ethical standard. Adults may allow

Budgeting, Costing and Casemix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Budgeting, Costing and Casemix - Essay Example as the NPV is less than zero so it is not advisable for the university to invest in this project. Had the NPV been greater than zero it would make sense to invest in this venture. Question Five Part (a) The state of revenues and expenses for the hospital are as shown in the table below: Revenues Direct Indirect 16 5.5 1.5 5 3.3 3.8 6 2.8 1.6 - - 4.4 - - 2.55 27 11.6 13.85 Projected Profit 1.55 Note: All values in millions of dollars. Therefore the hospital’s projected profit for the 2010 fiscal year is $1.55 million. Part (b) The allocation of indirect costs to the patient services departments are indicated in the table below along with the agreed cost drivers. Indirect Cost Cost Driver Cost (Millions of Dollars) Financial Services Patient Revenue 1.5 Maintenance Space Utilisation 3.8 Housekeeping Labour Hours 1.6 Administration Salary Dollars 4.4 Personnel Salary Dollars 2.55 The breakup of the indirect costs to each department is described below. Accounting Salaries: divided equally amongst all three departments, therefore cost to each department is 0.5 million dollars. Maintenance: divided amongst all three departments based on space utilisation (covered area), cost to each department is indicated in the table below: Department Space Utilisation (square meters) Percentage of Total Space Cost (millions of dollars) Routine Care 199,800 66 2.525 Laboratory 39,600 13 0.50 Radiology 61,200 20 0.774 Housekeeping: divided amongst all three departments based on labour hours utilised, cost to each department is indicated in the table below: Department Labour Hours Percentage of Total Cost (millions of dollars) Routine Care 76000 84% 1.34 Laboratory 6000 7% 0.105 Radiology 9000 10% 0.158 Administration: divided amongst all three departments based on salary dollars utilised, cost to each department is indicated in the table below: Salary Dollars Percentage of Total Cost (millions of dollars) Routine Care 5,709,000 56% 2.47 Laboratory 2,035,000 20% 0.879 Radiolog y 2,439,000 24% 1.05 Personnel: divided amongst all three departments based on salary dollars utilised, cost to each department is indicated in the table below: Salary Dollars Percentage of Total Cost (millions of dollars) Routine Care 5,709,000 56% 1.40 Laboratory 2,035,000 20% 0.50 Radiology 2,439,000 24% 0.60 Part (c) The allocation method utilised is well reasoned and makes a lot of sense on paper and on ground. The accounting salaries would in principle get divided amongst all three departments equally. The maintenance costs would get divided amongst all three departments based on the floor space allocated in principle. However it must be taken in mind that the routine care department would have little equipment that would require large maintenance costs but the laboratory and the radiology department would furnish such equipment e.g. centrifuges, x-ray machines and the like. Therefore using total space occupied alone would not really reflect the state of maintenance expenses a lone because routine care would always assume more space while laboratory and radiology would use

The Soliloquies of Hamlet Essay Example for Free

The Soliloquies of Hamlet Essay Authors use various literary elements to give insight into the mental composition of their characters. In Shakespeares Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, we can trace Hamlets mental process through his soliloquies. Hamlets first soliloquy reveals him to be thoroughly disgusted with Gertrude, Claudius, and the world in general. How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, seem to me all the uses of this world (1284), he said. He is saddened by the death of his father, who he admired as a king and husband to his mother. His grief over his fathers death is compounded by his mothers hasty marriage to Claudius. Hamlet protests, a beast, that wants discourse of reason, would have mournd longer (1285). The worst part is that he cannot tell them how he feels. In his second soliloquy, Hamlet becomes curious and suspicious after hearing of the ghost. My fathers spirit in arms! All is not well; I doubt some foul play (1287), he said. Hamlet feels that the presence of the ghost indicates that his father died due to dubious circumstance. After talking with his fathers ghost, in the 3rd Soliloquy Hamlet is angered by the news that Claudius had murdered his father. Hamlet assures that he will think of nothing but revenge. Ill wipe away all trivial fond recordsand thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain (1296), he proclaims. In Hamlets fourth soliloquy, his mental state shows signs of declination. He castigates himself for not taking action to avenge his father. He realizes that he has cause to kill Claudius, but cannot muster the chutzpah to go through with it. He said, Why, what an ass am I! This is most brave, that Imust, like a whore, unpack my heart with words (1314). He also expresses some doubt that the ghost was telling the truth. He said, The spirit that I have seen May be the devil: and the devil hath power Tassume a pleasing shape (1315). However upset he is with himself, Hamlet is sure that the play he has arranged will reveal Claudius guilt. In the fifth soliloquy, Hamlet hits upon a mental nadir. As he contemplates suicide, Hamlet asks himself if it is more honorable to live with lifes misfortune s or to die young and bypass all the hardships. Hamlet suggests that the reason we choose life is because we know nothing about death, except that it is final. It is the undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveller returns (1317). He goes on to say, Thus conscience does make cowards of us all (1317). Subscribing to this theory, Hamlet takes the cowards way and does not take his life. Hamlets mental status shows some promise in his sixth soliloquy. Extremely resentful toward Gertrude, part of Hamlet really wants to hurt her. Sensibility prevails as he admits that it is not his nature to harm. He resolves to speak daggers to her, but use none (1328). In his seventh, and final, soliloquy, Hamlet gains the courage to finally avenge his father. After talking with a captain in Fortinbras army, Hamlet is inspired by the men going off to Poland to fight for not much more than pride. Hamlet then feels ashamed of his unwillingness to go after Claudius. It dawned on Hamlet that he had been thinking too much and acting too little. Now, whether it be bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple of thinking too precisely on th event, A thought which, quarterd, hath but one part wisdom and ever three parts coward, I do not know why yet I live to say, This things to do (1342). With his newfound determination to avenge his fathers murder, he vows, O, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth (1342). There is no doubt that movies and television shows have replaced plays as main sources of entertainment. Unfortunately, modern entertainment sources rarely utilize important forms of discourse, such as the soliloquy. The soliloquy can be a powerful tool used to gain access into the deepest thoughts of a character. I submit that without it, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark would have had a different effect. Instead, Hamlets soliloquies gave depth to his emotions, making the audience aware of his internal conflicts. The Soliloquies of Hamlet Authors use various literary elements to give insight into the mental composition of their characters. In Shakespeares Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, we can trace Hamlets mental process through his soliloquies. Hamlets first soliloquy reveals him to be thoroughly disgusted with Gertrude, Claudius, and the world in general. How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, seem to me all the uses of this world (1284), he said. He is saddened by the death of his father, who he admired as a king and husband to his mother. His grief over his fathers death is compounded by his mothers hasty marriage to Claudius. Hamlet protests, a beast, that wants discourse of reason, would have mournd longer (1285). The worst part is that he cannot tell them how he feels. In his second soliloquy, Hamlet becomes curious and suspicious after hearing of the ghost. My fathers spirit in arms! All is not well; I doubt some foul play (1287), he said. Hamlet feels that the presence of the ghost indicates that his father died due to dubious circumstance. After talking with his fathers ghost, in the 3rd Soliloquy Hamlet is angered by the news that Claudius had murdered his father. Hamlet assures that he will think of nothing but revenge. Ill wipe away all trivial fond recordsand thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain (1296), he proclaims. In Hamlets fourth soliloquy, his mental state shows signs of declination. He castigates himself for not taking action to avenge his father. He realizes that he has cause to kill Claudius, but cannot muster the chutzpah to go through with it. He said, Why, what an ass am I! This is most brave, that Imust, like a whore, unpack my heart with words (1314). He also expresses some doubt that the ghost was telling the truth. He said, The spirit that I have seen May be the devil: and the devil hath power Tassume a pleasing shape (1315). However upset he is with himself, Hamlet is sure that the play he has arranged will reveal Claudius guilt. In the fifth soliloquy, Hamlet hits upon a mental nadir. As he contemplates suicide, Hamlet asks himself if it is more honorable to live with lifes misfortunes or to die young and bypass all the hardships. Hamlet suggests that the reason we choose life is because we know nothing about death, except that it is final. It is the undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveller returns (1317). He goes on to say, Thus conscience does make cowards of us all (1317). Subscribing to this theory, Hamlet takes the cowards way and does not take his life. Hamlets mental status shows some promise in his sixth soliloquy. Extremely resentful toward Gertrude, part of Hamlet really wants to hurt her. Sensibility prevails as he admits that it is not his nature to harm. He resolves to speak daggers to her, but use none (1328). In his seventh, and final, soliloquy, Hamlet gains the courage to finally avenge his father. After talking with a captain in Fortinbras army, Hamlet is inspired by the men going off to Poland to fight for not much more than pride. Hamlet then feels ashamed of his unwillingness to go after Claudius. It dawned on Hamlet that he had been thinking too much and acting too little. Now, whether it be bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple of thinking too precisely on th event, A thought which, quarterd, hath but one part wisdom and ever three parts coward, I do not know why yet I live to say, This things to do (1342). With his newfound determination to avenge his fathers murder, he vows, O, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth (1342). There is no doubt that movies and television shows have replaced plays as main sources of entertainment. Unfortunately, modern entertainment sources rarely utilize important forms of discourse, such as the soliloquy. The soliloquy can be a powerful tool used to gain access into the deepest thoughts of a character. I submit that without it, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark would have had a different effect. Instead, Hamlets soliloquies gave depth to his emotions, making the audience aware of his internal conflicts.

Effect of Economic Globalisation on the Probability of War

Effect of Economic Globalisation on the Probability of War Economic globalization and economic integration reduce the probability of conflict and war. Do you agree or disagree with this assertion? The points that I hold in this essay do not agree with the argument presented in title, tough it is admitted that economic globalization and integration do bring about significant benefits to the whole world development. Some economists believe that economic globalization is a good thing since it has brought a great deal of material well-being, and can lead to a enjoyable life. However, in addition many economists are skeptical. They pointed out that if economic globalization is really so good, why the international economy is still so confusing? Theorists and public opinions carry out a fierce discussion regarding this issue. This paper briefly comments about the cons and pros surrounding economic globalization issues, and seek appropriate interpretations to explain why this paper disagrees about the point that economic globalization and integration can deduce the probability of conflict and war through listing reliable and adaptable arguments with supported evidences (Bermeo, 2009) . Basically there are two views about what is economic globalization: one is that the essence of economic globalization is the capitalist production mode and the global exploitation, the second is that economic globalization is the dominance of the market economy, production factors, economic and technical resources are free to flow and get optimized allocation on a global scale. Economic globalization is a historical process: on the one hand all countries in the world are intertwined, mutual influent and integrate into a unified whole which is unified global market; on the other hand is to establish a standardized global rules of economic behavior in the world wide as a basis for the build of global economic operation mechanism. In the process, the economy has dominated market, production factors are free to flow and optimized allocated on a global scale (Birdsall, 2010). So it is saying that economic globalization refers to the production factors running across borders and fell flow of worldwide, and nations and regions all over the world integrated as a historical process. Economic globalization is a historical category emerged with the growth of the world market. Therefore, the fundamental premise of economic globalization is a global unified market. The economic exchanges and trade liberalization between countries are not economic globalization under the situation that global market is in segmentation. Only the world market formed on the basis of the extensive division of labor between countries, it means the fundamentally eliminating the isolated developing state among countries and ultimately form a broad and profound economic ties. Any country or region once integrated into the world economy are bound by a variety of influences from the world market. Since the 1980s, especially in the 1990s, socialist countries taking china as the representative has transferred into market economy through insisting on deepening reform on the basic system of socialism. The traditional planned economy gradually disappeared, and market economy has dominated the world , the national and regional limitations have been broken due to the economic competition and market profit-driven behavior, and the world economy is increasingly linked to a global economy as a whole. At the same time, regional economic is developing rapidly as a form of regional economic integration organization. By the end of 1996, there are more than 100 regional economic groupings all over the world including almost all of the country. EU, NAFTA and APEC has become the main tripolar world economy, and its total economic output and export have achieved 80% of the world. And in recent years, regional economic blocs are continuously interwoven, and the regional markets continue to extend beyond boundaries outward and work on mutual integration, greatly promoting the development of national economic integration and globalization, forming a huge market economic operation system. In this system, the barriers on cooperation reduced, and the penetration and dependency degree is increasi ng that different countries can benefit from sharing the best allocation of resources brought by production resources flowing freely, but at the same time these countries have to bear possible risks that economic integration brought to them. National economy and culture have exceeded state and national boundaries developing from opposition and collision toward the penetration and fusion with the deepening of the international division of labor and no frontiers economy expanding. It should be acknowledged that the process of globalization of the world economy has just started, the impact of it to national economies and the world economy is still difficult to predict, but one thing is very clear that economic globalization is a â€Å"double-edged sword† (Bernard, 2001). Economic globalization can indeed promote the improvement and expansion of the world’s industrial economies of scale, will cause changes in production and consumption technologies. However at the same time, economic globalization will have some negative effects and these effects are different according to specific areas and specific countries with different policy options. Specifically, the pros and cons of economic globalization as follows: The positive effects of economic globalization: Economic globalization allows the effective and rational allocation of labor, worldwide capital, technology, products, markets, and resources. The competition between countries get intensified with economic globalization effectively promoting international cooperation. From the economy perspective, the reasons for competition on due to the limited resources and the expansion of capital; from the politic perspective is due to the existence of the state, countries are trying to enhance their own strength to realize their dependence on other countries thereby benefiting more with lower cost. Economic globalization has accelerated the free flow of factors of production on a global scale, and the formation of a unified global market thus promoting the operation of multinational globalization and global adjustment of industrial structure, and to maximize the optimal allocation of resources. The economic globalization helps to reduce international conflicts. In the process of economic globalization, most of the world countries are involved in a deeper level of international division of labor, the investment and technology transferring activities of transnational corporation contributes to the closer link of production operation regarding sales, research and development. And a direct result from this operation is the interdependence of national economies, the degree of mutual penetration deepened. The changes in economic relations inevitably lead to changes in the political sphere and international relations changes, and negotiation and dialogue increasingly becoming the primary means of dealing with international relations in today. Strengthen trust and cooperation between countries, bounding international conflict or at least reducing the intensity of the conflict has gradually become a trend. And some experts believe that the trend will be increasingly strengthened wit h further development of economic globalization. While the cons that economic globalization has brought to us cannot be ignored: Economic globalization has exacerbated the imbalance in the world economy, so that the gap between rich and poor is widening. Firstly the economic globalization has brought is the impact on the national economy of developing countries, and this impact is built on the basis of unequal relations. On the one hand, international economic organizations are in the hands of developed countries, and principles, systems and orderly functioning of the world economy are developed by them. On the other hand, the Western countries have economic, technical and management advantages, and the developing countries cannot be far way. Thus the greatest benefit from economic globalization belongs to the highly developed countries. Despite the developing countries with relative backwardness technology and economy will get some long-term benefits, but it is difficult for them to benefit in the near future or a long time, and may even suffer great damage and shocks, such as losses or the closure of many na tional enterprises, etc (Kenneth, 2012). While economic globalization can lead to increased global objective material wealth , but in the course of the market , the competition is the primary law , it is in the creation of high- efficiency, will inevitably lead to wealth is increasingly concentrated to a small number of countries or interest groups , resulting in widen the wealth gap . According to World Bank statistic, the per capita GDP 1983 high-income countries is 43 times the low-income developing countries, to become 62 times in 1994, even more unfair social distribution. Specific reasons for this disparity are many, there are institutional reasons, the reasons for market reasons, such as changes in the structure and, but there are two factors are obvious: the distribution of benefits of economic globalization is not balanced; market competition makes Some social policy challenges (Foreign Affairs, 2012). Economic globalization has strengthened the instability of the world economy. Economic globalization has made economic links with countries in the world economy more closely, national domestic economic stability will depend not only on their domestic factors, to a greater extent by the tremendous impact of international factors. With the continuous expansion of international trade and trade in services, in particular economic conditions in other countries, major trading partners such as inflation , the financial crisis will affect the national economy through the international transmission mechanism (Ikenberry, 1990). If the countrys economic structure, there are some similar problems, these economic fluctuations will inevitably occur in the country. Even if the national economy is not a problem, because a certain degree of fluctuation will be leaving the role of psychological factors in the economy occurred. Especially for developing countries because of economic globalization is financial, the globalization of trade and investment, however, due to the insuff icient growth in developing markets, the economic structure is more fragile and more vulnerable to adverse external factors ; and because of incomplete legislation in developing countries , to facilitate speculation ; then coupled with lax enforcement in developing countries , abiding by the law , giving the hot money leaving an opportunity. Thus, a large number of Western countries impact the hot money from time to time financial markets in developing countries, and even lead to the financial crisis, resulting in as war -like destruction. Economic globalization has developed economic cycles, exchange rates, changes in interest rates transfer to developing countries to enable developing economies often unfavorable fluctuations occurred in the Mexican financial crisis in late 1994 and the 1997 Asian financial crisis has fully demonstrated this point. Reference: Bermeo, N. (2009). Does Electoral Democracy boost Economic Equality? Journal of Democracy, Volume 20, Number 4, October 2009, pp. 21-35 Bernard, L. (2001). The revolt of Islam. The New Yorker. 77. 36 (Nov 12, 2001): 050. Birdsall, N. (2010). Life is Unfair: Inequality in the World. Foreign Policy, No.111 (Summer, 1998), pp. 76-93. Ikenberry, G.J. (1990). Creating Yesterday’s New World Order: Keynesian â€Å"New Thinking† and the Anglo-American Postwar Settlement. Foreign Affairs. (2012). Time to Attract Iran: Why a Strike Is the Least Bad Option. Foreign Affairs. 91.1. (Jan/Feb 2012):76-86. Kenneth, W. (2012). Why Iran Should Get the Bomb: Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability. Foreign Affairs. 91.4. (Jul/Aug 2012): 2-5

Importance Of Audience Research Media Essay

Importance Of Audience Research Media Essay Market Research has become one of the most lucrative career option and is among the highest growing fields in todays scenario. The high growth of the sector is a testimonial to the growing demand of research across all industries, then be it FMCG, Automobiles, Finance or Media. With the new breed of young MBAs coming through, the focus now is on Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. Thus most businesses want to reach only their Target Audiences and filter out the excesses as they consider it as a wastage of resources, both in terms of money and time. This is particularly true for the media industry, where we have a variety of products like IMRBS TAM, IRS, . This is because a major chunk of media revenues come from advertisements which again depend on audience measurement in reaching to their decision as to which channel to give their ads on. Thus a high TRP in a TAM would ensure that you land up with the best of the sponsors and command highest of the prices. The need of Audience research can be traced in the Psychology studies done by Kellner in 2007. Different people purchase the same items but for a variety of reasons referred to as necessity, social pressures , family pressures , convenience , inadvertence and economic reasons . The field of Psychology has provided ample explanations through theories made from researches and studies to make the understanding of consumer behavior , and its applications in a variety of ways , what it is today (Kellner , 2007) . Media research is done primarily to observe study and analyze the pre-behaviours of the viewing population as well as the specific human behaviours that are evident as a result of the influence of media post the media exposure. The study may be carried out by researchers which may include organizations and individuals who may benefit out of the study either through government mandated projects or private agencies or companies whose interests may have their greater impact by how their businesses Ideas or products may have their impact on certain populations targeted or reached by media. Reasons/Advantages of Audience Research There are several advantage for doing audience research. Depending on which reason applies in a particular situation, a different type of research should be chosen. To help in making a decision The research may involve a few very specific questions or a main area covered, through a small survey, or a set of 3 or 4 focus groups. To understand the audience Research may involve either a set of focus groups, or a detailed survey. In general, a survey will provide precise results, but will be less informative. Also, a survey will cost a lot more, and take more time. To demonstrate facts to outsiders Commercial media owners want to attract advertisers to advertise on their medium. Thus it helps to have data showing the size, demographics, and interests of their audience. A related purpose is a special-interest organization, seeking support from a funding body, and providing survey data to show the extent of public support for that organization. This type of information should come from a research, conducted by an impartial third party. To provide material for programs The research data about the audiences can be used by media organizations, to generate content for the programming. For this purpose, all research methods are suitable, including surveys, consensus groups, and informal interviews. To design your communication You need to know your listeners, if you wish to persuade them, as it helps to shape your message in a way that may be acceptable to them. You may also need to know about their specific interests or the relationship among the audience members. This is particularly important when the communication goal is to persuade, and not just to create awareness. Also you need to identify the issues that may trigger strong emotions in your audience. Media Strategy: Media Planning, Media Buying and Media Selling Thus audience research and analysis is essential in determining how you will build your strategy so as to reflect their specific interests and concerns. And the more likely is the strategy to succeed. Components of Audience Research What you should know A major component involves the social situation of your present and potential audience. These can include their experience, education, job or professional background, age, gender, ethnic background, cultural differences, and more. Here are some of the key questions that are to be covered as a part of the research. What is the coverage area of your media vehicle? What other media, and activities are competing for your audiences time? How are these people distributed across the coverage area? What proportion of the area population use your media? How often do they use it? At what times, on what days? What is your stations share of their available time? What types of people use your media most? In what circumstances do people use your media? Do your listeners share common interests? Whats their relationship to one another? What recent experiences, if any, have they had that could affect their readiness to accept your argument? What will your listeners expect from you? Are you prepared in any case to address those expectations? What do they already know? Acknowledge audience attitudes and concerns. If the audience hold a positive view about your topic and your messages, the focus of the research will be on reinforcing the views and the benefits your audience may get. If they hold negative views, youll have to anticipate their objection in preparation of your research. You may have to limit what you ask of your audience. Determining what can trigger strong emotions in your listeners-whether positive or negative-is an essential step, you need to take those concerns into account and through that, thus showing your own awareness and sensitivity. How much to spend on audience research Audience research can cost a little or a lot. The cost is largely proportional to the sample size and the amount of labour involved: there are few economics of scale with audience research. Some research programs specially permanent panels with TV meters can cost millions of dollars. As a guide, many large broadcasters spend around 1% to 2% of their total revenue on audience research each year. For an individual project, which needs more detailed research than usual, its common to spend around 5% to 10% of the projects cost on research. Exposure: The basic measurement of the Media Audiences Ways that Media Audiences can be measured Technically exposure means open eyes or listening ears facing the medium. Practically it is the measurement of people who say they are sure they have looked into or read a vehicle within a given period of time. Exposure measurements are different for different mediums. Media Measurement What it measures What it means Vehicle Exposure Exposure to TV or print media Open eyes facing a vehicle(or opportunities to see ads) Print Media circulation No. of copies distributed People or families receiving newspaper vehicles(no exposure counted) Advertising exposure Number of ads exposed per issue or per TV program. A gross counting of the total number of ads exposed in a vehicle. Advertising Perception Number of ads that consumer remembered having seen in a vehicle The smallest amount of communication remembered of ads in a vehicle. Advertising Communication The total amount of recalled material from ads in a vehicle Feedback from ad messages in a vehicle. Response function: media effectiveness The number of responses to specific advertising in a vehicle The effect of advertising on consumers (responses such as sales, brand awareness, attitude change, and recall of messages) * The Relationship among Media, Advertising, and Consumers, Principles of Media Planning, Basant Rathore. Three methods of measurement Diaries: The diary was one of the first methods of recording information. However, this is prone to mistakes and forgetfulness, as well as subjectivity. Data is also collected down to the level of listener opinion of individual songs, cross referenced against their age, race, and economic status in listening sessions sponsored by oldies and mix formatted stations. Electronic: More recently, technology has been used to track listening and viewing habits. Arbitrons Portable People Meter uses a microphone to pick up and record subaudible tones embedded in broadcasts by an encoder at each station or network. It has even been used to track in-store radio. Software: There are certain software applications being developed to monitor cable TV operators with full passive and permissive viewer measurement functionality to monitor television channel ratings. The system tracks every time the channel is changed and records it accordingly. It allows what was being viewed at the time and which channel the viewer changed to. This information allows operators, broadcasters and advertising media to monitor audience TV usage habits. Media Planners use Cost per thousand as a comparative tool, to compare one medium or media vehicle with another to find those that are most efficient. It can be used for intermedia or intramedia comparisons. For print media (when audience data are not available): CPM= (Cost of 1 page * 1000)/ Circulation For print media (when audience data are available): CPM= (Cost of 1 page * 1000)/ No. of prospects readers reached For broadcast media (based on homes or audiences reached by a given program or time): CPM= (Cost of 1 page * 1000)/ No. of homes or persons reached by a given program or time For newspapers: CPM= (Cost of ad * 1,000)/ Circulation Advance Measurements and Calculations in Audience Research Reach- is a measurement of audience accumulation. It tells planners how many different prospects or households will see the ad once over any period of time the planner finds relevant. It differs from GRPs in the sense that each person is counted once, thus it is an unduplicated number. Frequency- It tells the planner the average number of times or the extent that audience members were exposed to same vehicle or a group of vehicles. It is a measure of repetition. Effective frequency- can be defined as the amount of frequency, the planner judges to be necessary for advertisements to be effective for communication. Sources of Market Data Size and share of market for a brand and its competitors, and other information contained in a situation analysis, can be obtained by a number of syndicated research services. Other data can be obtained from periodicals, association reports, govt, and media. The most widely used syndicated research services are those of A.C. Nielsen, Information Resources Inc. , Audits and Surveys Inc., Mediamark Research Inc., Simmons Market Research Bureau., IMRB, TAM, TNS etc. Some of the audience measurement tools are as follows: aMap, aDex, TAM, RAM, WAM, IRS etc. Methods of doing Research Audience Measurement for each medium National TV: TAM peoples meter (w/ 8,000 homes) TAM and aMap Nielsen Media Research/IMRB TNS Radio: Diary in radio markets RAM(Nielsen Media Research/IMRB) Magazines Recent-reading techniques w/ in-person interview and a long questionnaire about their product use Indian Readership Survey Newspapers Yesterday reading (Which NP did you read yesterday? typically use circulation figures) Indian Readership Survey Audits and reports the circulation of various publications Internet Use national sample of respondents Measure the number of visitors, how long people stay in each page, how far they go, how many times they return Nielsen/NetRatings or IMRBs WAM Out-of-Home the number of cars passing each billboard on the average day (daily circulation) Case Studies Case Study 1: Kheda Communication Project *Source: http://www.indianetzone.com/42/kheda_communication_project.htm The Kheda Communications Project or KCP is a field laboratory that aimed at the development and local communication in Kheda district of Gujarat. This project began in 1975 and continued till 1990. The site chosen for the experiment was Kheda district, which is an area near the SAC headquarters in Ahmedabad. Thus Kheda Communication Project could broadcast either local television programmes or national satellite television programmes. Around 650 community television sets were provided to 400 villages and also installed in public places like schools, where village audiences gathered in the evenings to view the broadcasts. The research team involved Prof. Arbind Sinha and his team from ISRO living in the village for around 18 months, and doing an ethnographic study so and studied their media consumption habits. The stay was important so as to understand the reasons for their media behaviour. The project was a first of its kind experiment by the Indians in the field of audience research. Kheda Communications Project is believed to be a milestone in the history of Indian television. The Development and Education Communication Unit managed this project and produced the development and educational programmes that involved the local audience. Case Study 2: CNN America *Source: http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-500486_162-929913-500486.html In the early days of television, news directors had little use for audience research it was far more the province of entertainment programming. The network news was only 15 minutes, and with so little time, the focus was almost exclusively on which stories had the most journalistic merit. But by the 1970s and 1980s the news was changing: Local stations were expanding their broadcasts to an hour or longer, and the compelling stories of the day no longer filled the time. Producers needed to know what kinds of stories would keep the audience. And so they embraced research. Viewers, researchers concluded, wanted useful information stories that were relevant to the way they live their lives in addition to the traditional news. Suddenly, stories about health, finance, and consumer concerns began popping up on the local news. Soon the network morning shows turned to research as well. They had plenty of reasons to do so. Like local newscasts, the morning shows had longer running times, and research helped producers figure out which lifestyle-type stories best held an audience. The morning shows also relied on a team of correspondents instead of a lone anchor, and audience research allowed producers to see the audiences response to various on-air personalities, who in some cases played a larger role in the broadcast than the content itself. (Examples of this type of personality abound, though perhaps there is no better than NBC weatherman Al Roker.) And the research helped producers better understand the audience, which, in the morning, is divided into two distinct segments with very different needs: People who are in transit and watch briefly before beginning their day, and people who stay home and are more likely to be there for the whole two hours. The television advertising industry in India is a complex and dynamic one with media choices increasing everyday. New channels are launched; new genres are established; brands are targeting niche audiences. In this scenario there is a need to find a perfect channel fit for the brand. The financial risks are too high and one needs to take action immediately to make the best of every rupee spent, therefore, the need for an overnight measurement system. The heterogeneity amongst consumers and their diverse spending patterns call for a more robust system for audience measurement on a much larger sample size. Case Study 3: All India Radio *Source: http://india.gov.in/knowindia/radio.php?pg=2 AIRs Audience Research Unit(Largest Feedback and Research Support Network)- In the era of market driven broad casting, it may not be possible for any media organization to survive without feeling the pulse of their audience and knowing the market. This compelled the media organisation, particularly electronic media, to get the syndicated media research done to know the viewership/listenership of their programmes market potential for them. No broadcasting agency can afford to move faster without the viewership/listenership data in hand. The case of radio broadcasting is not different, the competition is intensifying day by day due to opening of more and more private radio stations but none of the upcoming radio broadcasting agencies across the country, other than All India Radio, has such a large in house audience feedback and research support network. The Audience Research Units of All India Radio provide instant feedback and research support not only to the in house programme planners producers but also to the sponsors, advertisers marketers. With the changing mass communication scenario particularly market oriented broadcasting, Audience Research Unit of AIR has also reoriented itself. Efforts are on to create the ripple of changes to curve a niche for itself among the sponsors, advertiser marketers. This is evident from the studies assigned to the Audience Research Units in the recent past by the various agencies. Besides the sponsored studies, the network of audience research continuously conducts radio listenership survey (RPL) in order to provide updated data to the programmers as well as the advertisers interested in mounting advertisements on AIR.

College Admissions Essay - Defining Myself :: College Admissions Essays

The joy of writing admissions essays! I think it's good that I do this, that I solidify my thoughts into writing. Yet in pouring my feelings into words, I worry that they will become the structure I give them; that my liquid essence will take the shape of whatever phrases I choose; that my thoughts will be defined by the words I use and confined to the rigid boundaries of a language unable to accommodate the fluidity of my mind; that they will be limited to one distinct avenue when a linear direction does not suffice to express these multi-variable musings. It is easier to float in the sea of my unarticulated thoughts than to build a language boat and sail on a definite course, but in allowing myself to drift at the whim of my mind's currents, I get nowhere. In articulating myself, I create a solid manifestation to which I can look and say, "That's what I believe." I may not define my feelings poorly when I leave them unspoken, but in refusing to solidify what I believe I have nothing: nothing to share, nothing to grow on, nothing by which to determine who I am. And so I take the risk of losing the tantalizing and comforting mystery of the infinite by committing myself to write. It is better this way. I carry this - this perplexing barrier between what I think and what I say, between who I am and who I define myself to be, between what I think I carry and what I actually do.

Bob Dole: A Race To The Top Essay -- essays research papers

Bob Dole: A Race to the Top People understand they can't get all these tax cuts, protect their favorite programs, and balance the budget," says Susan Tanaka speaking on the promises made by presidential candidate Bob Dole to the American public (Gibbs 1996). Bob Dole proposed his tax cut package on Aug. 5, 1996 hoping to entice the public into voting for him in the 1996 presidential elections. Dole focuses his proposal towards social conservatives and supply siders believing he will give them their link to growth-oriented tax cuts which will amount to 551 billion dollars over the next six years (Rubin 1996). So how does Bob Dole plan to make all these things happen without remaining in office for at least 12 years? He does not, it is merely an impossible act in a desperate attempt to get himself elected. As a tradition, the "Grand old Party" has always benefited the rich more than the middle and working class people of America. Bob Dole promises a plan which will avoid business tax cuts and combine a marginal rate cut with a $500 per child tax credit, targeted towards low and middle income tax payers. The result, a plan that while still benefiting the rich more than the middle class, more evenly distributes between all income groups (Duffy 1996). Under Dole's tax cut plan, a family of four with an annual income of 31,000 would see their tax bill drop from $2,000 to $800, a difference of $1,200. "The way the tax cut was packaged shows that they were still sensitive to the old anti-Reagan argument that tax cuts just benefit the rich and they tried to show that their plan would benefit everybody," remarked Rick Grafmeyer, a tax partner at Earnest & Young, a national accounting firm (Barnes, 1996, 29). While Dole flaunts the benefits of his tax-cut proposal, he fails to mention what will suffer in order to activate his tax cuts. First of all, Dole made no mention of how his tax-cut proposal will pay for the $551 billion reduction in taxes. Secondly, Dole does not say that he needs to cut spending in "small" areas such as Medicare, student loans, defense spending and social security. (Gibbs, 1996) Even if Dole plans to leave these things out of the cut, that still leaves 30% of the budget to absorb the cost of the tax cut. Professor Alan Aurbach, of the Universit... ...ncing his tax-cut package and using his other strengths such as his experience in Washington. The worst case scenario would be that he looses the support of his supply-siders, which would not make much difference because he has not gotten that much more than grief from them anyway. In short, it is a tragedy that Dole has sold his soul to win the election, and now he won't end up with either. Dole likes to call himself an agent of change and says that President Cinton is only a defender of the status quo. This seems to upset the traditional views of both parties and reverses the roles. President Clinton proposes only minor tax cuts and specifies payment through minor spending cuts and other revenues while still protecting Medicare, social security, and other related issues. Between President Clinton's election in 1992 and the present, the national deficit has fallen 60% from 290 billion dollars to around 117 billion dollars (Barnes 1996). The strongest case supported the candidate who best represents the conservative American and also holds true to the Democratic party's tradition, United States President and fellow American, William Jefferson Clinton.

Boston Beerâ€Is Greater Growth Possible? Essay

1. Have you ever tried one of the Boston Beer brews? If so, how did you like the taste? Was it worth the higher price? I haven’t tried any one of the Boston Beer brews, so I’m not sure whether I will like its taste. I searched the key word â€Å"the Boston Beer† on the Internet, I found that there are three distinct characteristics of this brand’s beers: strong-flavor, unique package and high prices. Although a lot of beer aficionados will pay for the high price, as an ordinary beer customer, I don’t think it deserve the higher price. I have two reasons: Firstly, it is difficult for ordinary beer customers to distinguish which kind of beer have a good quality and which kind of beer haven’t. Not to mention, which brewery use premium ingredients to brew their beer. In most of time, we choose to buy a brand of beer just because its advertisement successfully leave its name in our mind or the recommendation from our friends. On the other hand, we usually drink beer with our friends at home party. So our main objective is to have fun not enjoy tasting high-quality beers. Also, its unique package does not make sense to us. No one will collect them, so the simpler the better. We don’t want to pay the bill for its beautiful package. To pay the same money, we prefer to have more quantity to ensure everyone can have enough beer than ensure everyone can have high-quality beer. On this point, the Boston Beer will lose a big part of beer customers because of its high-price strategy. In summary, the Boston Beer products do not deserve such a high price because their value in quality and package can’t be recognized by the general public. 2. The investment community evidently thought Boston Beer had great growth potential to have bid up the initial price so quickly. Why do you suppose so many fell into this trap? Or was Jim Koch a poor executive in not bringing Boston Beer up to their expectations? So many people fell into this trap because they overestimated the potential for development of the Boston Beer. But in the fact, Boston Beer’s potential is limited. That the growth potential is sorely limited due to two factors: a. Ease of entry into the industry, which encourages a host of competitors. This turned out to be especially true with the influx of microbrewers, to 3,000 in just a few years. b. Finite potential in demand. Demand for specialty beer, while at  first robust and rising, was certainly not going to take over the mainstream beer market. Given the rush to microbreweries in an environment of limited demand, the aspirations of Jim Koch to be a dominant force in the brewing industry had to be curbe d. He could still be a profitable firm and do well in his niche, but he would never be a challenge beyond that. Perhaps that is enough for most entrepreneurs. But this is far unable to meet the high expectations of the people of Boston Beer. On the contrary, Jim Koch is a really good market executive. He used excellent marketing strategy when Boston Beer announced its initial public stock offering (IPO) of shares. â€Å"The company put clip-and-mail coupons on Samuel Adams six-packs and other beer packages. These offered customers a chance to buy 33 shares of stock at a maximum price of $15, or $495 total.† In marketing, promotion is always a good way for the company to raise sales. Similarly, the Boston Beer use this way to arouse wide public concern, and give the customers the illusion of buying is earning. â€Å"Only one subscription was allowed per customer,and these were honored on a first-come, first-served basis.† People always curious for those limited things, for fear of miss it even in one-second hesitation. By seizing this customers’ psychology, the first-come, first-served basis contributed a lot to bidding up Boston Beer’s initial price and caused so many people fell into this trap. Just because this this two marketing promotion tools, the Boston Beer’s stock was oversubscribed within a short period of time. 3. â€Å"The myriad specialty beers are but a fad. People will quickly tire of an expensive, strong-flavored beer. Much of it is just a gimmick.† Discuss. As far as I am concerned, the myriad specialty beers are not just a gimmick, although when too much kind of microbrews appear in the market will make the customer feel difficult to choose any kind of them and sometimes they will feel tired. I want to illustrate them from the following two aspects: a. The microbrews have their own specific market, those who willing to pay for the high price for the strong-flavored or the unique package. For example, a can of Sprite is sold in the supermarket for about 4 dime, but it is sold for 2 dollar in the restaurant with a glass of ice and a slice of lemon. Is a glass of ice and a slice of lemon value 1.6 dollar? Without a doubt, the answer is no. Why will so many people pay for it? Because it is convenient. Everything has its own market has the reason to exist. b. No matter the other microbrew is just a gimmick, the Boston Beer is not. To a certain extent, its high level represents its high quality. Samuel Adams was not only voted the Best Beer in America four times at the annual Great American Beer Festival, but also received six gold medals in blind tastings. Skimming away its price, just concern the quality, this is enough to explain the Boston Beer has the high quality. Because of its high quality, Boston Beer still keep the leading position and continue to profit in the fierce industry competition. 4. What problems do you see retailers facing with the burgeoning number of different beers today? What might be the implications of this? Nowadays, a number of various beer brands suddenly appear on the horizon so that the competitive grow. Retailers are looking for marketing support and Boston Beer has the best quality and marketing. Lots of the non-traditional beers are still lacking the commercial support from the breweries where they come from and are left to retailers for a smaller group of consumers that may know about them or are curious for new options coming from places with microbrewery tradition like Portland, Colorado, etc. To be successful, retailers must do more deep researches to find out consumers needs and meet consumers’ expectation. In addition, retailers have to consider how many beer brands they would like to sell and which kinds of beers are popular in general market. Our suggestion is that retailers must focus on selling several kinds of beers instead of selling all kinds of beers. Maybe retailers think that if they can sell all kind of beers to expand the market but it will result in an increase in the logistic cost and a decrease in the quantity. To develop the market, retailers need to use efficient marketing method to promote their products. For example, retailers can provide the discount for consumers once two or three months and combine beers and other goods to sell because consumers always want to save some coin and get the same product with cheaper price. 5. Playing the devil’s advocate (one who takes an opposing view for the sake of argument prices in the world for your beer. The manufactures cost might be the same as traditional beers as quality doesn’t necessarily translates  to higher costs. And it’s been seen in several other commercial cases that sometimes the higher price in a product is just a socio-economical status differentiator which makes the consumer that can afford it feel special even when the real support of quality is not completely proven or being tasted. In addition, setting the price is an important step before developing the product into the market because the price is one of factors, which will effect how many consumers will buy it. If the price is too high, some of consumers can’t afford to buy it. Maybe they are willing to try or use the product but they don’t have enough money to re-buy. Therefore, consumers have many choices because there are a lot of substitute products in the market. In the other words, the high price may decrease the selling and increase the risks in the ownership of inventory, which will become obsoleted or out of fresh. In general aspect, the luxury product is equal to the social status. If the price is too high to afford, it will downsize of the potential market. Even thought you employ the best strategy to promote the product, it doesn’t increase in quantity and increase the profit. In addition, not everyone are good at distinguish the differentiation between Boston Beer and other beers so that they won’t insist to buy the beer with higher price. For example, Mary wants to hold a birthday party and invite the whole freshman to participate. So she has to buy a lot of food, beverage and beers. Because of limited budget, she can’t afford the high price of beer even though the tasty is good. 6. We saw the detection of a problem with the freshness of a beer at a restaurant by Jim Koch himself. How can Boston Beer prevent such incidents from happening again? Can such distributor negligence or shortsighted actions be totally prevented by Boston Beer? In products that maintain a higher price based on quality that quality control investment on the product should go all the way to the retailers. There are several ways that Jim Koch can prevent the bad quality. First, Jim Koch must re-check every step from manufacture to package. The most important part is container because beer is a kind of sensitive product, which needs to store carefully. Secondly, Boston Beer needs to build up a strong relationship with their retailers and distributors. A good partnership also can prevent the same problem happen again because Boston Beer and their retailers or distributors understand  that they are a team, which share the same goals, reputation, and benefits. Thirdly, if retailers don’t know how to store those beers in warehouse or keep the beers in fresh, Jim Koch must send some professional employees or salespeople to educate those retailers and teach them how to keep the beer in fresh. Finally, Jim Koch has to evaluate or visit retailers regularly. The methods above are very useful to avoid the bad quality problem happen again. 7. Do you think Boston Beer can continue to compete effectively against the giant brewers who are moving with their infinitely greater resources into the specialty beer market with their own microbrews? Why or why not? In our group opinion, Boston Beer can continue to compete effectively against the giant brewers who are moving with their infinitely greater resources into the specialty beer market with their own microbrews. There are three reasons to explain it. First, Boston beer has built up a good brand image. When other giant brewers into the specialty beer market with their microbrews, Boston beer has been develop their microbrews a long time. It means the brand of Boston beer has been recognized as one of the industry’s most famous microbrews. It already has relative stable customer group. The second reason is high quality and flavor of beer. Jim Koch gets a recipe from his great-great-grandfather, Louis Koch. This recipe is more full-bodied than such beers as Budweiser or Miller. Jim Koch also uses best material and longer time in Boston beer so that the quality and flavor is better than other brands of beer. Because the cost of Boston beer is expensive, the sale price must expensive than other beers. In many people’s mind, high price means high quality. People cannot buy expensive car but everyone can buy an expensive beer. When people taste Boston beer, they will be attracted by its quality and flavor. Although the price of Boston beer is higher than giant brewers, it has attracting some relative stable customer groups though the high quality and flavor of Boston beer. This is offer benefits for Boston beer continued growth. Boston Beer can keep a sales force and relative to competitors so that it can provide a higher level of quality service than the larger mass brewers. Consequently, Boston beer has more compe titive edge by their quality product and sale service quality in the beer market. The last reason is Boston beer has a good operation principle. Initial period,  Boston beer didn’t have enough money, so it made contracts with other brewery: use Jim Koch’s recipe to produce beer. Boston beer use this way to save the cost of plan and equipment to develop its marketing, such as advertise. If the brewery cannot produce high standards’ beer, they will find another brewery. It not only save money but also ensure the quality and flavor of beer. Therefore, Boston Beer can compete effectively with even the largest beer brand that is moving with their infinitely greater resources into the specialty beer market with their own microbrews. In contrast with giant brewers, Boston Beer has built up its brand in the microbrews market. It still keeps quality and flavor not lower the price and quality. The customers will be used to think Boston Beers first and in this way, the sale force will be strengthened. 8. In 1998, Boston Beer produced more than two dozen styles of beer. Then a few years later it was down to just a few. Now it’s up to more than 21 again. Do you see any problems with this? Our group fined some problems with this question. First, Boston beer wants produce to attract consumer. However, everyone’s taste is different; a single taste of beer can’t satisfy the needs of all customers. So, Boston beer offered more than two dozen styles of beer for consumers’ choices in 1998. This way can attract many customers. But, it also brings a lot of problems. Boston beer must spend more cost in the propaganda of different kinds of beer. When Boston beer company produce a new style of beer, they must do a process of marketing, like marketing research, product development, pricing and advertising, to find potential consumers and affect them to buy the new product. It needs a lot of money but the new products may not meet customer. It takes stress for Boston Beer Company. Anther problem which Boston beer offers more than two dozen styles of beer is Boston beer will lose some consumers. Like in the article, an industry analyst said:† After people got inundated with so many choices . . . they kind of stepped back.† Then a few years later, Boston Beer Company find their market share is small—a market that represented just 3 percent of the U.S. Beer Market. Thus, Boston beer Company was down to a few styles of beer, concentrating only on best sellers: the flagship lager and four seasonal brews. This is a very good strategy decision. Boston Beer through calculate from the data and find out most of the consumers prefer which taste and they can adjust marketing strategy. This decision can reduce a lot of unnecessary spending and ensure  the interests. Meanwhile, Boston Beer Company also ensures the main products market share in all the microbrews market. Although the decision that Boston Beer Company cut their beer styles to just a few cause Boston beer lost some consumer who like other styles of beer, it brings a lot of advancing for the development of the Boston Beer Company in the overall strategy. In recent years, Boston Beer Company has development quickly. Even in all beer industry recession, Boston Beer still maintains good performance. Its beer because of high quality and full-bodied flavor won many awards in the beer game. With development of Boston Beer Company, it has become an able company. Its main products are stability, and the customers’ market share close to saturation in micro brew market. In this case, Boston Beer Company to seek new breakthroughs will produce new products. Now, it’s up to their beer more than 21 types again. But, this decision may cause some problems. First, the demand of microbrews is finite. Too many types of beer choices will divide up the main of Boston beer’s market share. Second, in recent years, microbrew competitors has increased dramatically, Boston beer produce many kinds of beer will distract the attention of the main products, to reduce the main product competitiveness. Third, the introduction of new products in Boston beer is too much at the same time. This is confusing the choices of customers. If Boston beer introduces only three or four styles new beer, consumer can choose one or more than one styles beer to taste. However, Boston beer introduces 21 styles beer, consumer don’t know which one is better and most consumers can’t buy all these new styles beer because the price of Boston beer is expensive. The last problem of this decision is high risk. Every new product into market must have risk and the introduction of new products need a lot of cost.. Boston Beer Company should introduce a few styles beer one time so that we can know the customers to the new product satisfaction as well as the desire to buy. If customers are satisfied with the new products, Boston Beer Company will continue to launch other new products; If customers are not satisfied, the company can find the reasons of customers are not satisfied, and then eliminate these problems put other new products. When Boston Beer Company launches it’s all the new products at short time, the cos t of this way and risk will higher than only introduce a few styles beer. Therefore, in different period Boston Beer Company increase or decrease the types of beer will cause some benefits but  also brings a lot of harm for its development.